Billevelez2272

e. maximisation of ingredients and "zero-waste" practices; conspicuous consumption at particular times of the year; the central role of bread; and even certain food taboos. More than seventy years later, memories of deprivation and hunger are still pervasive and permeate present-day dietary practices and choices.Naringin is a dihydroflavonoid abundantly existed in grapefruit and related citrus species. The double directional adjusting function of estrogenic and anti-estrogenic activities of naringin and its aglycone naringenin has raised concern about possible risks of unwanted interference with endocrine regulation. Herein we assessed the safety of naringin on fertility and early embryonic development toxicity in Sprague-Dawley rats. Twenty-two male and 22 female rats per group were orally given naringin at 0, 50, 250, and 1250 mg/kg/day. Male rats were administered beginning 9 weeks prior to mating and continued until necropsy. Dosing to female began 2 weeks before mating and continued until gestation day 7. There were no obvious effects of naringin on physical signs, animal behavior, and survival rate, although female and male rats from 1250 mg/kg group had lower body weight and tended to have less food consumption. Importantly, no treatment-related effects of naringin were found in relation to fertility and early embryonic development. Alofanib Under these experimental conditions, it was concluded that the no-observed-adverse-effect levels (NOAEL) of naringin were at least 1250 mg/kg/day for fertility and early embryonic development in rats.In the present study, a new genetically modified rice producing phytase-lactoferricin fusion protein, BPL9K-4, was evaluated for safety in a 90-day rat feeding study. Rats were fed rodent diets formulated with BPL9K-4 rice, and were compared with rats fed diets formulated with its corresponding non-transgenic parental rice 9 K, commercially available non-transgenic rice Weiyou64, and a basal diet. BPL9K-4 and 9 K rice were formulated into diets at concentrations of 15%, 30% and 60%, and Weiyou64 common rice was added to diets at concentration of 60%. AIN93G diet was set as a basal-diet control. Diets of all groups were fed to rats (10/sex/group) for 90 days. Compared with rats in the 9 K, Weiyou64 and the basal-diet group, rats fed the BPL9K-4 diet did not show any treatment-related adverse effects on mortality, body weights, feed consumption, clinical chemistry, hematology, organ weights and gross and microscopic pathology. Under the conditions of this study, the genetically modified BPL9K-4 diets did not cause any toxicologically significant effects in rats following 90 days of dietary administration as compared with rats fed diets with the corresponding non-transgenic control diet and the basal-diet group. The results indicated that BPL9K-4 rice is as safe as its conventional comparators.In 2019, the California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment initiated a review of the carcinogenic hazard potential of acetaminophen under Proposition 65. In conjunction with this review, a multidisciplinary team of experts with significant experience in the fields of hazard assessment, acetaminophen mechanism of action, epidemiology, and preclinical and clinical safety performed comprehensive weight of evidence reviews. The reviews evaluate multiple sources of data, including results from preclinical carcinogenicity, genotoxicity, human epidemiology, and mechanistic studies examining biochemical pathways of acetaminophen metabolism. This introductory article summarizes the comprehensive weight of evidence reviews that were performed on the carcinogenicity hazard potential of acetaminophen which are contained in 6 separate companion articles in this issue of Regulatory Toxicology & Pharmacology. Collectively, these results confirm that acetaminophen is not a carcinogenic hazard at any dose level, consistent with previous conclusions of key scientific bodies.Surface layer proteins (SLPs) are crystalline arrays in the outermost layer of cell envelope in many archaea and bacteria. SLPs subunits have the ability to reassemble on the surface of lipid layers. In this work, the SLP from Lactobacillus acidophilus ATCC 4356 was extracted and reassembled on the surface of positively charged liposomes composed of dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine, cholesterol and octadecylamine. Zeta potentials and particle size were determined to describe the adsorption process of SLP on liposomes. The liposomes completely coated with SLP were observed by transmission electron microscope. To investigate the stabilizing effects of SLP on liposomes, carboxyfluorescein (CF) was encapsulated and its leakage was determined as an evaluation index. The results showed that the L. acidophilus ATCC 4356 SLP significantly (P less then 0.05) increased the stability of the liposomes in the course of thermal challenge. Furthermore, SLP was able to reduce the aggregation of liposomes in serum. Storage stability of liposomes was performed at 25 °C, 4 °C and -20 °C for 90 days. And the SLP-coated liposomes released less CF than the control liposomes during storage at the three evaluated temperatures. Our findings extended the application field of Lactobacillus SLPs and introduced a novel nanocarrier system with good chemical stability.Consumption of marine alga-based polysaccharides as additional functional foods can endow with health benefits by diminishing the risk of chronic diseases. A polygalacto-fucopyranose characterized as [→1)-2, 4-SO3-α-Fucp-(3 → 1)-2-SO3-α-Fucp-(3→] with [(4 → 1)-6-OAc-β-Galp-(4→] side chain isolated from marine alga Sargassum wightii exhibited potential antihypertensive activity. Upon treatment with studied polygalactofucan (50 mg/kg BW), serum hypertension biomarkers troponin-T (1.3 pg/mL), troponin-I (1.2 μg/dL) and angiotensin-II converting enzyme (0.18 pg/mL) were significantly recovered in hypertensive rats compared to disease control. Serum cardiovascular risk indices of diseased rats were significantly decreased (5 g/kg), and could be developed as a prospective functional food ingredient attenuating the pathophysiological attributes causing hypertension-related conditions.In this study, the effect of microwave-ultrasound or/and toughening treatment on the physicochemical, structural properties, and in vitro digestibility of A- and B-type granules isolated from wheat starch were investigated. From the SEM, microwave-ultrasound and toughening treatment (MU-T) led to the appearance of irregular and disrupted structure significantly and an increment in the resistant starch content of A- and B-type granule. Furthermore, the MU-T starch possessed the lowest swelling power, light transmittance, and gelatinization temperature range (Tc -To) and the highest ΔH. After MU-T, the relative crystallinity (RC) of X-ray pattern, Fourier transform infrared ratio of 1047/1022 cm-1, and the content of double helix and single helix of 13C CP/MAS NMR had increased significantly. In particular, there was a difference in the content of RS and SDS between A-starch granules and B-starch granules as well as their changes after modification (from 69.305% to 82.93 for A-starch and form 74.97% to 88.17 for B-starch, respectively), which was a similar trend with RC and helix content. This study indicated that, for both A-type granule and B-type granule starches, microwave-ultrasound and toughening treated samples had unique properties compared to singly modified starches.The potential use of nopal cladode flour (NC) as reinforcing/bioactive agent in cassava starch-based films was evaluated and compared with the use of propolis extract or lignin, which are commonly used for these purposes. Cassava starch-based films containing untreated NC (S-NC), NC treated at pH 12 (S-NC12), aqueous propolis extract at two different concentrations (SP1 or SP2), or lignin (S-L) were produced by the casting technique; glycerol was used as plasticizer. NC12 and NC affected the mechanical properties of the cassava starch-based film similarly as compared to propolis extract and lignin. Moreover, NC and NC12 had different performance as reinforcing and antioxidant agent in cassava starch-based film. Thus, S-NC12 film was more elongable (28.5 ± 6.5%), more hydrophobic (contact angle 70.8° ± 0.1), less permeable to water vapor (0.8 ± 0.0 × 10-10 g·m-1·s-1·Pa-1) and had better antioxidant activity by ABTS•+ (44.70 ± 0.3 μM Trolox·g-1 of film) than the S-NC film. SEM and TGA analysis of films showed that NC12 was better incorporated into the cassava starch matrix than NC, lignin and propolis extract. Overall, nopal cladode flour has potential use in the production of active biodegradable packaging for the food preservation with high oxidation rate.Biofabrication by three-dimensional (3D) printing has been an attractive technology in harnessing the possibility to print anatomical shaped native tissues with controlled architecture and resolution. 3D printing offers the possibility to reproduce complex microarchitecture of native tissues by printing live cells in a layer by layer deposition to provide a biomimetic structural environment for tissue formation and host tissue integration. Plant based biomaterials derived from green and sustainable sources have represented to emulate native physicochemical and biological cues in order to direct specific cellular response and formation of new tissues through biomolecular recognition patterns. This comprehensive review aims to analyze and identify the most commonly used plant based bioinks for 3D printing applications. An overview on the role of different plant based biomaterial of terrestrial origin (Starch, Nanocellulose and Pectin) and marine origin (Ulvan, Alginate, Fucoidan, Agarose and Carrageenan) used for 3D printing applications are discussed elaborately. Furthermore, this review will also emphasis in the functional aspects of different 3D printers, appropriate printing material, merits and demerits of numerous plant based bioinks in developing 3D printed tissue-like constructs. Additionally, the underlying potential benefits, limitations and future perspectives of plant based bioinks for tissue engineering (TE) applications are also discussed.A novel polysaccharide (GLP) with a molecular weight of 1.37 × 105 Da was purified from the roots of G. littoralis. Using monosaccharide composition, methylation analysis, GC-MS, 1D and 2D NMR, the structure of GLP was determined to be a 1 → 4)-α-D-Glcp glycoside linkage, while the terminal group of 1→)-α-D-Glcp was bonded to the main chain via O-6. Then, GLP-NPs were prepared by nano-precipitation method, the particle size of GLP-NPs was 288.4 nm and PDI was 0.340. GLP-NPs-AgNPs were prepared using GLP-NPs as reducing agent. GLP-NPs-AgNPs were characterized by ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometer (UV-Vis), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), transmission electron microscope (TEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The yield of GLP-NPs-AgNPs was 38.77%, the particle size was 12.5 nm and the chelation rate of silver nanoparticles with polysaccharides was 67.5%. GLP-NPs-AgNPs had better antioxidant and antibacterial activities than GLP and GLP-NPs. In the present work, a simple and eco-friendly approach for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using G.