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Those with extensive loss might choose camouflaging options or a hair prosthesis. It is important to monitor for psychiatric disorders owing to the profound psychological effects of hair loss.

Family physicians will encounter many patients experiencing hair loss. Recognition of AA and an understanding of the underlying disease process will allow an appropriate therapeutic regimen to be instituted. More advanced or refractory cases need to be identified, allowing for an appropriate dermatologist referral when necessary.

Family physicians will encounter many patients experiencing hair loss. Recognition of AA and an understanding of the underlying disease process will allow an appropriate therapeutic regimen to be instituted. More advanced or refractory cases need to be identified, allowing for an appropriate dermatologist referral when necessary.

To provide family physicians with a background understanding of the epidemiology, pathogenesis, histology, and clinical approach to the diagnosis of alopecia areata (AA).

PubMed was searched for relevant articles regarding the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and prognosis of AA.

Alopecia areata is a form of autoimmune hair loss with a lifetime prevalence of approximately 2%. A personal or family history of concomitant autoimmune disorders, such as vitiligo or thyroid disease, might be noted in a small subset of patients. Diagnosis can often be made clinically, based on the characteristic nonscarring, circular areas of hair loss, with small "exclamation mark" hairs at the periphery in those with early stages of the condition. The diagnosis of more complex cases or unusual presentations can be facilitated by biopsy and histologic examination. The prognosis varies widely, and poor outcomes are associated with an early age of onset, extensive loss, the ophiasis variant, nail changes, a family history, or comorbid autoimmune disorders.

Alopecia areata is an autoimmune form of hair loss seen regularly in primary care. Family physicians are well placed to identify AA, characterize the severity of disease, and form an appropriate differential diagnosis. Further, they are able educate their patients about the clinical course of AA, as well as the overall prognosis, depending on the patient subtype.

Alopecia areata is an autoimmune form of hair loss seen regularly in primary care. Family physicians are well placed to identify AA, characterize the severity of disease, and form an appropriate differential diagnosis. Further, they are able educate their patients about the clinical course of AA, as well as the overall prognosis, depending on the patient subtype.This study evaluated the effects of alcohol intoxication, sexual attitudes, and sexual victimization history on the cognitive processes underlying undergraduate women's risk judgments. Participants were 116 unmarried, undergraduate women between the ages of 21 and 29. The sample was diverse ethnically and composed primarily of heterosexual women. Stimuli were written vignettes describing social situations that varied on dimensions of sexual victimization risk and potential impact on women's popularity. Participants were assigned randomly to an alcohol or a no-alcohol condition, and completed an explicit classification task in which they rated how risky each situation was in terms of their having an unwanted sexual experience. They then completed the Sexual Experiences Survey (SES) and the Sociosexuality Scale (SS); SES responses were used to quantify the severity of victimization experiences, and SS responses were used to measure endorsement of positive attitudes toward casual, impersonal sex. Although there was no main effect for condition, higher sociosexuality predicted use of higher thresholds for judging situations as risky. Importantly, sociosexuality interacted with condition such that higher sociosexuality predicted lower sensitivity to risk information in the alcohol condition but not in the no-alcohol condition. More severe victimization history predicted increased use of popularity impactwhen judging risk. This study emphasizes the importance of identifying specific cognitive processes affected by alcohol that may explain why women have difficulty processing contextual cues signaling risk in social situations. It demonstrates also the relevance of examining individual difference factors that may exacerbate the relationship between intoxication and cognitive processing of risk-relevant information.While in recent years, intimate partner violence (IPV) has attracted considerable research attention, the experiences of IPV affecting the Deaf community have been understudied. As a linguistic and cultural minority, Deaf victims of IPV encounter significant barriers in accessing information and services designed to address the medical and legal consequences of victimization. The number of Deaf Americans who communicate via American Sign Language (ASL) may well exceed a half-million, yet little is known about Deaf IPV victims' experiences and the characteristics of persons who perpetrate IPV with ASL users. This study addressed both topics. The current study is based on interviews in ASL with 14 Deaf IPV victims (participants). We explored the types of abuse participants experienced; characteristics of victims and perpetrators; participants' help-seeking behaviors; and the availability, use, and helpfulness of various resources. These findings were compared to what is known about IPV in the hearing community. Our findings include that lack of information regarding IPV and lack of access to specialized IPV services were pervasive problems affecting Deaf victims. For some victims, the close-knit nature of the Deaf community was a barrier for discussing IPV and accessing information and support. It was common for Deaf victims to receive services or information about IPV from providers who were not IPV specialists. Communication abuse was prevalent in our study. The nature of communication abuse is unique for Deaf victims compared to hearing victims.Statistics show how important computed tomography (CT) dosimetry has become. In order to estimate the dose distribution in the CT scan room during an examination, measurements of the ambient dose equivalent H*(10) have been performed. see more The primary aim of this study is the radiation protection of the staff and not the determination of the dose to the patient or in the primary beam. Therefore, the dose outside the primary beam, i.e. in the scattered field of the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt's GE Optima CT660, is of importance. The results of the dose measurements are analysed in dependence on the settings of the X-ray tube voltage, the collimator width and (with and without) the bow-tie filter of the CT scanner. For the radiation protection measurements, ionisation chambers have been used. Additionally, the influence of the patient on the radiation field and, therefore, on the dose is simulated by using an Alderson body phantom.Dose-length product (DLP) is widely used as an indicator of the radiation dose in computed tomography. The aim of this study was to investigate the significance of sex and body weight in DLP-based monitoring of the radiation dose. Eight hundred computed tomographies of the chest performed using four different scanners were analysed. The DLP was compared with body weight by linear regression in men and women separately. The DLP was positively correlated with body weight, and dependence on sex and weight differed among scanners. Standard DLP values adjusted for sex and weight facilitated interscanner comparison of the radiation dose and its dependence on sex and weight. Adjusting the DLP for sex and weight allowed one to identify examinations with possibly excessive doses independently of weight. Monitoring the DLP in relation to sex and body weight appears to aid detailed comparison of the radiation dose among imaging protocols and scanners and daily observations to find unexpected variance.An occupational incorporation event occurred at the Radioactive Waste Treatment and Disposal Facility in December 2013 at Püspökszilágy, Hungary. Internal contamination due to (241)Am was discovered by a regular routine whole body counting measurement at the Centre for Energy Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences. After that, a whole body counter was calibrated for an organ counting geometry. For preliminary calibration, a home-made MIX-D chest phantom was applied simulating uniform lung activity distribution by (241)Am point sources located in different positions within the lung volume of the phantom. In order to carry out a more precise calibration, a Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) chest phantom was provided by the International Atomic Energy Agency. For counting efficiency over the lungs, values of 0.46±0.19 and 0.55±0.07 cps kBq(-1) were obtained for the MIX-D and the LLNL phantom, respectively; thus, the results are in good agreement.Vision is energetically costly to maintain. Consequently, over time many cave-adapted species downregulate the expression of vision genes or even lose their eyes and associated eye genes entirely. Alternatively, organisms that live in fluctuating environments, with different requirements for vision at different times, may evolve phenotypic plasticity for expression of vision genes. Here, we use a global transcriptomic and candidate gene approach to compare gene expression in the heads of a polyphenic butterfly. Bicyclus anynana have two seasonal forms that display sexual dimorphism and plasticity in eye morphology, and female-specific plasticity in opsin gene expression. Nonchoosy dry season females downregulate opsin expression, consistent with the high physiological cost of vision. To identify other genes associated with sexually dimorphic and seasonally plastic differences in vision, we analyzed RNA-sequencing data from whole head tissues. We identified two eye development genes (klarsicht and warts homologs) and an eye pigment biosynthesis gene (henna) differentially expressed between seasonal forms. By comparing sex-specific expression across seasonal forms, we found that klarsicht, warts, henna, and another eye development gene (domeless) were plastic in a female-specific manner. In a male-only analysis, white (w) was differentially expressed between seasonal forms. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction confirmed that warts and white are expressed in eyes only, whereas klarsicht, henna and domeless are expressed in both eyes and brain. We find that differential expression of eye development and eye pigment genes is associated with divergent eye phenotypes in B. anynana seasonal forms, and that there is a larger effect of season on female vision-related genes.Fibronectin (FN) is an extracellular matrix protein that can be assembled by cells into large fibrillar networks, but the dynamics of FN remodeling and the transition through intermediate fibrillar stages are incompletely understood. Here we used a combination of fluorescence microscopy and time-lapse atomic force microscopy (AFM) to visualize initial stages of FN fibrillogenesis in living fibroblasts at high resolution. Initial FN nanofibrils form within less then 5 min of cell-matrix contact and subsequently extend at a rate of 0.25 μm/min at sites of cell membrane retraction. FN nanofibrils display a complex linear array of globular features spaced at varying distances, indicating the coexistence of different conformational states within the fibril. In some cases, initial fibrils extended in discrete increments of ∼ 800 nm during a series of cyclical membrane retractions, indicating a stepwise fibrillar extension mechanism. In presence of Mn(2+), a known activator of integrin adhesion to FN, fibrillogenesis was accelerated almost threefold to 0.