Clausenbeck5028

Taken these results together, we conclude that excessive Al exposure caused adverse effects on multiple biological processes of crayfish and Al pollution is a potential threat to crayfish culture.Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy is a strong and sensitive analysis tool that can realize single-molecule level detection and provide the fingerprint information of molecules, which has been widely applied in analysing chemistry and biomolecules and monitoring environment. However, it is still a challenge to design and prepare SERS substrates with high enhancement factor, simple synthesis, stability and reproducibility. Here, we synthesized gold clusters anchored on reduced graphene oxide (Au clusters@rGO) using co-reduction method to achieve high SERS enhancement. The substrate of gold clusters anchored on reduced graphene oxide combines the chemical enhancement of reduced graphene oxide and the electromagnetic enhancement of gold clusters, leading to an ultrahigh enhancement factor of 3.5 × 107. The efficient SERS was ascribed to the high localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) of aggregations of gold clusters, the synergistic effect of gold clusters and reduced graphene oxide, and the charge transfer between graphene and the molecules. This research will provide an invaluable strategy to design and prepare superior-property SERS substrates.Exposure of the soil environment to metal nanoparticles (MNPs) has been extensive because of their indiscriminate use and the disposal of MNP products in various applications. In MNP-amended soil, various crops can absorb the nanoparticles, and accumulation of the MNPs in farm products has potential risks for bioconcentration in humans and livestock. Here, we evaluated the comparative bioaccumulation, translocation, and phytotoxicity of MNPs (ZnO and CuO NPs) and metal ions (Zn(NO3)2 and Cu(NO3)2) in four different crops, namely lettuce, radish, bok choy, and tomato. We carried out pot experiments to evaluate the phytotoxicity in the crops from the presence of MNPs and metal ions. Phytotoxicity from different treatments differed depending on the plant species, and metal types. In addition, exposure to Zn and Cu showed positive dose-dependent effects on their bioaccumulation in each crop. However, there were no significant differences in metal bioaccumulation depending on whether the crops were exposed to MNPs or metal ions. By calculating the bioconcentration factor (BCF) and translocation factor (TF), we were able to estimate the biological uptake and translocation abilities of MNPs and metal ions for each crop. It was found that lettuce and radish had greater BCFs than bok choy and tomato, while bok choy and tomato had higher TFs. Also, the uptake and translocation of Zn were better than those of Cu. However, the values for BCF and TF for each crop showed no significant differences between MNP and metal ion exposure. A micro X-ray fluorescence (μ-XRF) spectrometer analysis demonstrated that only Zn elements appeared in the primary veins and edges of all leaves and the storage root of radish. Our study aims to estimate bioaccumulation, translocation, and the implied potential risks from MNPs accumulated in different plant species.Evaluating the embodied environmental impact of solar photovoltaic (PV) technology has been an important topic in addressing the sustainable development of renewable energy. While monetization of environmental externality is a remaining issue, which should be carried out in order to allow for an easy-to-understand comparison between direct economic and external cost. In this study, the environmental impact of solar PV power is monetized through conversion factors between midpoint and endpoint categories of life cycle analysis and the monetization weighting factor. Then, the power generation capacity and generation life of PV and coal-fired power plants are assumed to be consistent in order to compare the total cost of PV and coal-fired power generation. GKT137831 cell line Results show that the cost of PV technology is higher than coal-fired form the base year from 2026 until 2030, taking into account environmental external costs and production costs. However, by 2030, the total cost of coal-fired power will be higher than that of solar PV. The life span cost per kWh is $3.55 for solar PV and $116.25 for coal-fired power. Although solar PV power seems more environmentally effective than coal-fired power in the life span, our results reveal the high environmental external cost of producing solar photovoltaic modules, which reminds us to pay more attention to the environmental impact when conducting cost-benefit analysis of renewable technologies. Without incorporating the environmental cost, the real cost of renewable technology will be underestimated.The simultaneous determination of dihydroxybenzene isomers is highly valuable for early environmental monitoring, but it is still a challenge. In this work, a free-standing flexible electrode was prepared for the simultaneous detection of hydroquinone (HQ), catechol (CC), and resorcinol (RC). The bimetallic zinc/cobalt zeolitic imidazolate frameworks nanoplate arrays (Zn/Co-ZIF NPAs) grown in situ on the carbon fiber cloth (CFC) was fabricated by a facile static synthesis method, and the porous ternary ZnCo2O4 NPAs derived from Zn/Co-ZIF NPAs were formed by annealing in air. Due to the fast electron transmission, abundant active sites and excellent electrocatalytic properties with enzyme-like kinetic performance of the ZnCo2O4/CFC electrode, the as-proposed sensor showed a wilder linear response (2-500 μM), a lower detection limits (0.03 μM HQ, 0.06 μM CC and 0.15 μM RC) and a higher sensitivity (23.58 μA μM-1 cm-2 HQ, 17.72 μA μM-1 cm-2 CC, and 15.18 μA μM-1 cm-2 RC), respectively. More importantly, the proposed electrochemical sensor exhibited excellent detection performance in complex water samples, providing a strategy for the detection of other toxic substances in the ecological environment.Atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a type of organic pollutants that seriously endanger human health. Obtaining the diurnal variations of PAHs and clarifying their impact mechanisms are significant for the government to formulate targeted prevention and control measures. However, the influencing factors that dominate the diurnal variations of common PAHs are currently unclear. In order to solve this problem, 16 PAHs selected by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) as priority-controlled pollutants were simulated with high resolution. The simulation results were validated based on diurnal observations in the vertical direction. Although the model underestimated the particle-phase concentrations of most components, it captured their diurnal variations fairly well. In addition, we assessed the factors affecting the diurnal variations of PAHs with sensitivity tests, including chemical reactions and atmospheric diffusion. The results showed that the transforming ratios of PAHs by oxidants were higher during the day than that at night due to the dominant reactions with OH radical. Atmospheric dispersion affected the vertical distribution of PAHs, which resulted in higher day/night ratios at high altitudes than near the ground. We also compared the strength of atmospheric diffusion and chemical reaction on the diurnal trends of PAHs. Near the ground, atmospheric diffusion was the most dominant factor in determining their diurnal trends. At high altitudes, their diurnal trends were determined by a combination of atmospheric diffusion and chemical reactions. These findings can provide a comprehensive understanding of the diurnal variations of common PAHs, which are informative for the prevention and control of PAHs pollution.In the real world, individuals are exposed to chemicals from sources that vary over space and time. However, traditional risk assessments based on in vivo animal studies typically use a chemical-by-chemical approach and apical disease endpoints. New approach methodologies (NAMs) in toxicology, such as in vitro high-throughput (HTS) assays generated in Tox21 and ToxCast, can more readily provide mechanistic chemical hazard information for chemicals with no existing data than in vivo methods. In this paper, we establish a workflow to assess the joint action of 41 modeled ambient chemical exposures in the air from the USA-wide National Air Toxics Assessment by integrating human exposures with hazard data from curated HTS (cHTS) assays to identify counties where exposure to the local chemical mixture may perturb a common biological target. We exemplify this proof-of-concept using CYP1A1 mRNA up-regulation. We first estimate internal exposure and then convert the inhaled concentration to a steady state plasma concentration using physiologically based toxicokinetic modeling parameterized with county-specific information on ages and body weights. We then use the estimated blood plasma concentration and the concentration-response curve from the in vitro cHTS assay to determine the chemical-specific effects of the mixture components. Three mixture modeling methods were used to estimate the joint effect from exposure to the chemical mixture on the activity levels, which were geospatially mapped. Finally, a Monte Carlo uncertainty analysis was performed to quantify the influence of each parameter on the combined effects. This workflow demonstrates how NAMs can be used to predict early-stage biological perturbations that can lead to adverse health outcomes that result from exposure to chemical mixtures. As a result, this work will advance mixture risk assessment and other early events in the effects of chemicals.The intense drying-rewetting cycle due to climate change can affect soil microbial community composition and function, resulting in long-term consequences for belowground carbon and nutrient dynamics. However, how climatic and edaphic factors influence the responses of enzymes to rewetting and their responses to additional perturbation (e.g., heavy metal pollution) after the drying-rewetting history are not well understood. In this study, we collected 18 surface soils from farmlands across various climate zones in China. We chose dehydrogenase (DHA) and alkaline phosphomonoesterase (ALP) as representative intracellular and extracellular enzymes, respectively, and investigated their tolerance to additional perturbation by adding metal ions (i.e., Cd2+) upon rewetting. In all soils, rewetting increased DHA activities but did not affect ALP activities compared to air-dried soils. Rewetting increased the tolerances of DHA and ALP to Cd stress, suggesting that the drying-rewetting history may reduce the susceptibility of soil enzymes to additional disturbance. The results demonstrate that differentiating enzymes based on their location in the soil will improve our ability to assess the stress response of microbial communities to drastic fluctuations in soil moisture, thereby better predicting the legacy of climate change on microbial function in soils contaminated with heavy metals.Clostridium sp. LQ25 was cultured in different forms of ferric (ferric citrate and ferric hydroxide) as electron acceptors to investigate growth, ferric reduction, hydrogen production, fermentation products and fermentation process. The growth of the strain LQ25 detected by protein was 82.8 ± 2.1 mg/L and 73.5 ± 1.7 mg/L using ferric citrate and ferric hydroxide as electron acceptors, which was 33.3 % and 18.4 % higher than without ferric, respectively. The accumulation concentration of Fe(II) was 9.0 ± 0.6 mg/L and 5.0 ± 0.2 mg/L when using ferric citrate and ferric hydroxide as electron acceptors, and ferric citrate was 1.8-fold higher than ferric hydroxide, which indicated that the ability of ferric reduction was higher using ferric citrate as electron acceptor. The hydrogen production of strain LQ25 was 238.0 ± 1.0 mmol/mol glucose and 113.0 ± 1.3 mmol/mol glucose under condition of ferric citrate and ferric hydroxide as electron acceptors, which was 2.6 and 1.2-fold higher than without ferric, respectively.