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The Early Career Awards, given for the first time in 1974, recognize the large number of excellent early career psychologists. Recipients of this award may not have held a doctoral degree for more than nine years. For purposes of this award, psychology has been divided into 10 areas animal learning and behavior, comparative; developmental; health; cognition/human learning; psychopathology; behavioral and cognitive neuroscience; perception/motor performance; social; applied research; and individual differences. Five areas are considered each year, with areas rotated in two-year cycles. The areas considered in 2020 were animal learning and behavior, comparative; developmental; health; cognition/ human learning; and psychopathology. Each year, panels are selected for the areas under consideration, and these panels recommend nominees to the Committee on Scientific Awards. Screening Library The 2020 recipients of the APA Scientific Contribution Awards were recognized by the 2019 Board of Scientific Affairs and selected by the 2019 Committee on Scientific Awards. For seminal contributions to our understanding of both proximate and ultimate causes of animal behavior in natural environments, particularly the evolutionary and physiological mechanisms that enable wild animals to cope with environmental change. Ben Dantzer's research has led to important new insights into the consequences of physiological stress for pace of development, for maternal behavior, and for social/cooperative behavior. His work showed that, contrary to popular belief, organisms that experience stress in the wild typically experience increased, rather than decreased, fitness. His research is already having a profound impact and has helped to establish the relatively new field of evolutionary endocrinology. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).The Early Career Awards, given for the first time in 1974, recognize the large number of excellent early career psychologists. Recipients of this award may not have held a doctoral degree for more than nine years. For purposes of this award, psychology has been divided into 10 areas animal learning and behavior, comparative; developmental; health; cognition/human learning; psychopathology; behavioral and cognitive neuroscience; perception/motor performance; social; applied research; and individual differences. Five areas are considered each year, with areas rotated in two-year cycles. The areas considered in 2020 were animal learning and behavior, comparative; developmental; health; cognition/ human learning; and psychopathology. Each year, panels are selected for the areas under consideration, and these panels recommend nominees to the Committee on Scientific Awards. The 2020 recipients of the APA Scientific Contribution Awards were recognized by the 2019 Board of Scientific Affairs and selected by the 2019 Committee on Scientific Awards. For outstanding research on the relationship between perception and memory. Timothy F. Brady's work relies on creative psychophysics experimentation and advanced computational modeling of learning to reveal the fidelity of memory systems, particularly in situations at the scale of real-world experiences. His work has revealed important continuities between working memory and long-term memory systems, including the formation of structured representations, decay of object features, limits on fidelity, and the importance of psychological similarity and scaling in modeling of storage and capacity. He has led the way in pursuing modern views of how perception relates to memory with elegant and powerful theoretical frameworks. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).The Early Career Awards, given for the first time in 1974, recognize the large number of excellent early career psychologists. Recipients of this award may not have held a doctoral degree for more than nine years. For purposes of this award, psychology has been divided into 10 areas animal learning and behavior, comparative; developmental; health; cognition/human learning; psychopathology; behavioral and cognitive neuroscience; perception/motor performance; social; applied research; and individual differences. Five areas are considered each year, with areas rotated in two-year cycles. The areas considered in 2020 were animal learning and behavior, comparative; developmental; health; cognition/human learning; and psychopathology. Each year, panels are selected for the areas under consideration, and these panels recommend nominees to the Committee on Scientific Awards. The 2020 recipients of the APA Scientific Contribution Awards were recognized by the 2019 Board of Scientific Affairs and selected by the 2019 Committee on Scientific Awards. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).Patients treated to remission with cognitive therapy are less than half as likely to relapse following treatment termination as patients treated to remission with antidepressant medications. What remains unclear is whether cognitive therapy truly is enduring or antidepressant medications iatrogenic in terms of prolonging the life of the underlying episode. Depression is an inherently temporal phenomenon and most episodes will remit spontaneously even in the absence of treatment. There is reason to believe that depression is an adaptation that evolved because it keeps organisms focused on (ruminating about) complex social issues until they can be resolved and that medications work not so much by addressing a nonexistent deficit in neurotransmitters in the synapse as by perturbing underlying regulatory mechanisms to the point that they reassert homeostatic control over those systems. If the latter is true then medications may work to suppress symptoms in a manner that leaves the underlying episode unaddressed and patients at elevated risk of relapse whenever they are taken away. Cognitive therapy is predicated on the notion that people become depressed because they misinterpret life events in a negative fashion and that helping them examine the accuracy of their beliefs will relieve their distress. Such an approach would not work if patients were not capable of thinking clearly (if their "brains were broken") and it is likely that cognitive therapy works by making rumination more efficient so as to facilitate the resolution of the complex social issue(s) that brought the episode about. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).