Choatewilliford9320

This biochemical photoprotection included accumulation of zeaxanthin (an essential human micronutrient) and high levels of zeaxanthin-catalyzed thermal energy dissipation of excess excitation. Compared to the light levels needed to saturate L. gibba photosynthesis and growth, higher light levels were thus required for strong induction of the essential antioxidant zeaxanthin. These results indicate a need for design of light protocols that achieve simultaneous optimization of plant yield, nutritional quality, and light-use efficiency to circumvent the fact that the light requirement to saturate plant growth is lower than that for production of high zeaxanthin levels. How this trade-off between light-use efficiency of growth and nutritional quality might be minimized or circumvented to co-optimize all desired features is discussed.A better understanding of plant stomatal strategies holds strong promise for improving predictions of vegetation responses to drought because stomata are the primary mechanism through which plants mitigate water stress. It has been assumed that plants regulate stomata to maintain a constant marginal water use efficiency and forego carbon gain when water is scarce. However, recent hypotheses pose that plants maximize carbon assimilation while also accounting for the risk of hydraulic damage via cavitation and hydraulic failure. This "gain-risk" framework incorporates competition in stomatal regulation because it takes into account that neighboring plants can "steal" unused water. This study utilizes stomatal models representing both the water use efficiency and carbon-maximization frameworks, and empirical data from three species in a potted growth chamber experiment, to investigate the effects of drought and competition on seedling stomatal strategy. We found that drought and competition responses in the empi-Earth system models.There is a growing interest in breeding and production of hexaploid triticale (× Triticosecale Wittmack ex A. Camus) in European Union and in the world. It is reported that triticale can be an alternative to wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) for livestock feed production and has a potential to become preferred industrial energy crop. Fungal diseases, mainly leaf and stripe rusts, are the limiting factors of triticale growth and yield. Geneticists and breeders are now focusing on accumulation of the major genes for durability of rust resistance. Slow-rusting genes Lr34/Yr18 and Lr46/Yr19 are being exploited in many wheat breeding programs. https://www.selleckchem.com/btk.html This type of horizontal resistance is reported to be effective over space and time. Classical breeding techniques supported by marker-assisted selection (MAS) are the main tools in breeding programs. The aim of this study was to assess the possibility of transfer of slow-rusting genes from resistant genotypes of wheat into hexaploid triticale through cross-hybridizations. A total of 5,094 manual pollinations were conducted between two triticale cultivars Fredro and Twingo and 33 accessions of common wheat, which were reported as sources of slow-rusting resistance genes. The investigation of the slow-rusting gene transmission was performed using both molecular markers analyses and genomic in situ hybridization (GISH). In total, 34 F1 hybrid plants were obtained, and 29 of them carried both slow-rusting loci. Therefore, these hybrids may be used for triticale prebreeding program.Photosynthetic rate is one of the key factors limiting yield of cotton. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by abiotic stress imposes numerous detrimental effects and causes tremendous loss of yield. It is worth to study whether ROS scavenging enzymes could affect yield through regulating photosynthetic rate in cotton. In this study, we created transgenic cotton with changes of endogenous ROS by overexpressing or suppressing the expression of cytosolic ascorbate peroxidases (APXs), which are hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) scavenging enzymes in plants. The suppression of cytosolic APXs by RNAi brings about a great influence on plant growth and development. Plant height and leaf size declined, and yield-related traits including single boll weight, seed weight, seed size, and lint weight dropped significantly, in IAO lines (cytosolic APX-suppressed lines). The stunted plant growth was due to the decrease of plant photosynthetic rate. The evidences showed that increased ROS level in guard cells inhibited stomatal opening and suppressed the absorption of CO2 and H2O in IAO line. The decrease of water content and the increase of water loss rate in leaf exacerbated the decline of photosynthetic rate in cytosolic APX-suppressed lines. Based on these results, it implies that cytosolic APXs as a whole play an important role in maintaining REDOX balance to regulate photosynthetic rate and yield in cotton.Floral symmetry (corolla symmetry) has important biological significance in plant genetics and evolution. However, it is often multi-dimensional and difficult to quantify. Here, we constructed a multi-dimensional data matrix [X Y Z] by extracting three qualitative variables with binary properties (X corolla regularity of interval and coplanarity; Y petal regularity of shape and size; Z petal local regularity of curling and wrinkle) from different dimensions of petals (overall to individual, and then to the local) all petals (corolla), individual petals, and local areas of petals. To quantitatively express the degree of Malus corolla symmetry, these variables were then combined with weight assignments (X 22 > Y 21 > Z 20) based on their contributions to the corolla symmetry and the algorithm rule of converting binary to decimal values, which facilitated the unification of qualitative and quantitative analyses. Our results revealed significant reduction in degrees of Malus corolla symmetry along the direction of local to overall. Species showed higher degree of corolla symmetry than cultivars; however, taxa with stronger corolla symmetry might not necessarily be species. These findings provide new insights into the circumscription of Malus controversial species. The matrix model should be reference for future evaluation of angiosperm flower symmetry (lack of corolla fusion).