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OBJECTIVE The objective was to assess plaque removal potential of a newly designed oscillating-rotating (O-R) electric rechargeable toothbrush with micro-vibrations compared to a manual toothbrush. METHODS This was a randomized single-brushing, two-treatment, examiner-blind, replicate-use, four-period crossover design study, conducted with three cohorts of nine subjects each, with all subjects using each toothbrush twice. Test toothbrushes included a new O-R rechargeable electric toothbrush with micro-vibrations (Oral-B iO prototype) and a manual American Dental Association (ADA) reference toothbrush. On each of the four study visits, subjects refrained from oral hygiene for 12 hours prior. At each visit, subjects received a pre-brushing plaque examination, brushed with their assigned toothbrush and a marketed fluoride dentifrice and then received a post-brushing plaque examination. Plaque was assessed using the expanded Turesky Modified Quigley-Hein Plaque Index. Treatment comparison analyses were two-sided and carried out at the 5% significance level. RESULTS All 27 randomized subjects (mean age = 42.0 years) completed the trial. Both brushes produced significant plaque reductions versus baseline (P  less then  0.001). The O-R electric brush provided statistically significantly greater plaque reductions in all regions compared to the regular manual toothbrush, with a between-treatment difference of 0.929 for whole mouth plaque, 0.965 for proximal plaque, 1.029 for lingual plaque and 0.815 for facial plaque (P  less then  0.001 for all comparisons). Additionally, use of the novel O-R brush yielded greater brushing evenness/consistency when comparing the facial and lingual mean plaque removal differences relative to manual brushing (P = 0.001). Both brushes were well-tolerated. CONCLUSION The novel O-R toothbrush with micro-vibrations produced significantly greater plaque reductions compared to the manual toothbrush. © 2020 FDI World Dental Federation.PURPOSE To compare a novel oscillating-rotating (O-R) electric rechargeable toothbrush with micro-vibrations (Oral-B iO) to a manual brush for gingivitis and plaque reduction. METHODS Adult subjects with gingivitis and plaque were randomized to use either the O-R or the manual toothbrush with standard fluoride dentifrice twice daily. Efficacy was assessed at baseline, week 1, and week 8 using the Rustogi Modification of the Navy Plaque Index (RMNPI), Modified Gingival Index (MGI), and Gingival Bleeding Index (GBI). Gingivitis status ('healthy'/'not healthy') was also assessed, per the American Academy of Periodontology/European Federation of Periodontology criteria. RESULTS One hundred and ten subjects were enrolled and completed the randomized controlled trial. The baseline mean number (SD) of bleeding sites for all subjects was 32.11 (16.703). Crenolanib research buy At week 8, 82% of subjects using the O-R toothbrush were categorized as 'healthy' ( less then 10% bleeding sites), versus 24% of subjects using the manual brush (P  less then  0.001). Subjects using the O-R toothbrush showed statistically significantly greater reductions (P  less then  0.001) in the number of bleeding sites, GBI scores and MGI scores versus those using a manual toothbrush as early as 1 week and throughout the 8-week study. The O-R toothbrush also provided statistically significantly greater reductions (P  less then  0.001) in all plaque measures, including sub-regions, versus the manual toothbrush after a single brushing and at weeks 1 and 8. CONCLUSIONS The novel O-R electric toothbrush with micro-vibrations provided statistically significantly greater plaque and gingivitis reductions versus a manual toothbrush, with performance benefits demonstrated after a single brushing and continuing throughout the 8-week study. © 2020 FDI World Dental Federation.Ataxia Telangiectasia (AT) and Aicardi Goutières syndrome (AGS) are inherited disorders of immunity with prevalent neurological phenotype. Available treatments are only partially effective and the prognosis is poor. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are obtained by reprogramming patient somatic cells preserving the donor individual genetic heritage and creating patient specific disease models, useful to investigate pathogenesis, drug effects and to develop precision therapies. The aim is to investigate the cytotoxicity of a panel of immunomodulators using iPSCs of patients with AT or different forms of AGS (AGS1, AGS2 and AGS7). iPSCs were obtained by reprogramming AT and AGS patients' cells and, as a control, the BJ normal human fibroblast line, using Sendai virus. Cytotoxic effects of two drugs proposed to treat respectively AT and AGS (dexamethasone and mepacrine) were tested by the MTT assay after 72 hours exposure. Data were obtained also for other immunomodulatory drugs (thioguanine, mercaptopurine, thalidomide and lenalidomide). Relative expression of genes involved in the tested drug pathways was analyzed. AGS7-derived iPSCs displayed altered viability when treated with low dose of mepacrine, and higher expression of cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS), which is the main target for mepacrine action. AGS7-derived iPSCs were also more sensitive to thioguanine, while AGS2 and AT iPSCs were less sensitive to this medication than the BJ-iPSC. All iPSCs were equally sensitive to mercaptopurine and resistant to dexamethasone, thalidomide and lenalidomide. This work establishes an innovative in vitro model useful to investigate the mechanisms of drugs potentially effective in AT and AGS. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.As a first attempt to assess bone health in cleaner fish production, wild and cultured ballan wrasse Labrus bergylta and lumpfish Cyclopterus lumpus were examined by radiology. Crenolanib research buy In C. lumpus, wild fish (57%) had more vertebra deformities (≥1 deformed vertebrae) than cultured fish (2-16%). One wild C. lumpus had lordosis and another was missing the tail fin. In L. bergylta, wild fish (11%) had less vertebra deformities than cultured individuals (78-91%). Among the cultured L. bergylta, 17-53% of the fish had severe vertebra deformities (≥6 deformed vertebrae) with two predominate sites of location, one between vertebra 4 and 10 (S1) in the trunk, and one between 19 and 26 (S2) in the tail. Fusions dominated S1, while compressions dominated S2. Although wild L. bergylta had a low vertebra deformity level, 83% had calluses and 14% had fractures in haemal/neural spines and/or ribs. The site-specific appearance and pathology of fracture and callus in wild L. bergylta suggests these are induced by chronic mechanical stress, and a possible pathogenesis for fish hyperostosis is presented based on this notion.