Watsonsears5084

The utilization of coal and other fossil fuels is becoming increasingly restricted. Biomass, as a clean and renewable energy, plays a significant role in achieving zero carbon emissions. However, biomass is prone to slagging in the combustion process due to its high alkali metal content. The ash slagging rate and pollutant emission level of flue gas can be reduced by optimizing the air distribution, in order to decrease the fuel layer temperature in the combustion chamber. The results reveal opposite change trends of CO and NOx concentrations in the flue gas. The NOx emissions of corn stalk combustion under the multilayer secondary air distribution are obvious compared with those of rice husk combustion. The slagging rate of corn stalks is highly correlated with temperature T 1 of the fuel bed. The silica ratio (G), alkali/acid ratio (B/A), Na content index (Na (index)), and alkaline index (Al c ) cannot accurately predict the slagging tendency when temperature T 1 changes. Therefore, the modified predictive index (Gt ) was proposed to predict the slagging tendency of corn stalks with the combustion zone temperature T 1 effectively. The experimental results can contribute to the efficient combustion and low pollutant emissions of biomass.While there seems to be broad agreement that cluster formation does exist near solid surfaces, its presence at the liquid/vapor interface is controversial. We report experimental studies we have carried out on interfacial water attached on hydrophobic and hydrophilic surfaces. Nanosized steps in the measured force vs distance to the surface curves characterize water cluster profiles. An expansion of the interfacial structure with time is observed; the initial profile extent is typically ∼1 nm, and for longer times expanded structures of ∼70 nm are observed. Our previous results showed that the interfacial water structure has a relative permittivity of ε ≈ 3 at the air/water interface homogeneously increasing to ε ≈ 80 at 300 nm inside the bulk, but here we have shown that the interfacial dielectric permittivity may have an oscillating profile describing the spatial steps in the force vs distance curves. Y-27632 research buy This low dielectric permittivity arrangements of clusters extend the region with ε ≈ 3 inside bulk water and exhibit a behavior similar to that of water networks that expand in time.The transformation behavior of pyrite (FeS2) in the blast furnace process is critical to control the formation and emission of gaseous sulfides in the top gas of ironmaking but has seldom been explored. In present work, the pyrolysis of pyrite from 200 to 900 °C under a CO-H2 atmosphere was investigated by thermal-gravimetric and mass spectrometry. The thermodynamic theoretical calculations were carried out to further understand the transformation process. The results show that FeS2 is almost completely reduced to FeS under various CO-H2 atmospheres. H2S and carbonyl sulfide (COS) are the main gaseous sulfides formed through the pyrolysis reactions of FeS2 under a CO-H2 atmosphere. A higher H2 concentration can reduce the pyrolysis reaction temperature of FeS2, which is favorable for the conversion of sulfides to H2S, while a higher CO concentration promotes the conversion of sulfides to COS. Besides, the pyrolysis products of FeS2 by order from the former to latter under a strong reductive atmosphere (CO-H2) with increasing temperature are as follows COS → S → H2S → S2 → CS2.The long reaction time and uncontrollable reaction process of the swelling agent in the process of rock breaking by static crushing agent lead to unsatisfactory efficiency and effect of rock breaking. This paper uses physical experiments to compare and analyze the changes in temperature and pressure of the hydration reaction under different microwave conditions; utilizes microscopic analysis of the hydration reaction products under each condition, combined with numerical calculations to elucidate the mechanism of the effect of microwave field on the hydration reaction of the expansion agent; and proposes a microwave field-controlled static crushing agent rock-breaking method. The study reached the following main conclusions (1) microwave heating is better than conventional heating in terms of heating rate, peak temperature, and peak pressure; (2) using static crushing agent rock breaking is preferable to use a low-power microwave field to control the reaction process, and to ensure that the initial temperature is not higher than the local water boiling point; (3) microwave heating to promote the reaction mechanism lies in its deep heating of the system, faster heating rate, and higher energy utilization, and is more conducive to hydration expansion reaction; (4) selective heating of microwaves can enhance the hydration reaction of calcium oxide and inhibit the production of hydrated tricalcium silicate, making the reaction more complete, while microwave heating will also improve the microstructure of hydration products.Computational quantum chemistry within the density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) framework is used to investigate the photodegradation mechanism as well as the photochemical and photophysical properties of benoxaprofen (BP), a non steroid anti-inflammatory molecule (2-[2-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,3-benzoxazol-5-yl] propanoic acid). BP is a highly phototoxic agent that causes cutaneous phototoxicity shortly after its administration. On the grounds of concern about serious side effects, especially hepatotoxicity, it was withdrawn from the world market after only 2 years of its release. Our study shows that the drug has the capability to absorb radiation in the UV region, mainly between 300 and 340 nm, and undergoes spontaneous photoinduced decarboxylation from the triplet state. It shows very similar photochemical properties to the highly photolabile non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) ketoprofen, suprofen, and tiaprofenic acid. Like ketoprofen, BP can also decarboxylate from excited singlet states by overcoming low energy barriers. The differences in molecular orbital (highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO)) distributions between the neutral and deprotonated BP, their absorption spectra, and the energetics and fate of various photoproducts produced throughout the photodegradation are discussed. Initiation and termination of decarboxylated BP radical species and initiation of propagating lipid peroxidation reactions due to the addition of molecular oxygen giving rise to the corresponding peroxyl radical are also explored in detail.We investigated the predissociation dynamics from the [2Π1/2]c5d; 0g + and [2Π3/2]c6d; 0g + Rydberg states of Br2 using the velocity map imaging technique. Two-dimensional scattering images of the fragmented Br+ exhibited an isotropic feature upon the excitation of these Rydberg states. Analysis of the total kinetic energy release suggested the existence of the predissociation pathways to the dissociation limits of Br(5s, 4P3/2) + Br(4p, 2P3/2) and Br(5s, 4P5/2) + Br(4p, 2P3/2) via the 0g + ion-pair states that interact with the lower and/or excited-core Rydberg states lying at long internuclear distance regions thorough the avoided crossing.In the present research work, Zn1-x Al x O thin films with varying proportions of Al (x = 0.00, 0.01, 0.02, and 0.03) are prepared by a chemical sol-gel spin-coating technique. The crystal structural, morphological, and humidity-sensing properties of the synthesized Zn1-x Al x O thin films, with varying concentrations of Al (x = 0.00, 0.01, 0.02, and 0.03), were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM); a special humidity-controlled chamber was designed for the humidity-sensing studies. In structural and phase analyses, XRD patterns of Zn1-x Al x O thin films show a hexagonal wurtzite crystal structure. The average crystallite sizes of Zn1-x Al x O thin films were calculated and found to be ∼18.00, 22.50, 26.30, and 29.70 nm using the X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern. The surface morphology of Zn1-x Al x O Al (x = 0.00, 0.01, 0.02, and 0.03) thin films obtained from AFM micrographs analysis indicates the modification of the spherical grains into nanorods, which were distributed throughout the surface of the films. The SEM image of 3 wt % Al-doped ZnO nanomaterials also shows that spherical nanoparticles changed to nanorod-like structures with a high packing density. Furthermore, increasing the Al-doping concentration from 0 to 3 wt % in ZnO NPs shows lower hysteresis loss, less aging effect, and good sensitivity in the range of 9.8-16.5 MΩ/%RH. The sensitivity of the sensing materials increased with increasing Al-doping concentration, which is very useful for humidity sensors.Antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation represents a promising and potentially greener alternative to conventional antimicrobials, and a solution for multidrug-resistant strains. The current study reports the development and characterization of tetra-substituted diazirine porphyrin covalently bonded to polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and its use as an antimicrobial surface. The diazirine moiety on the porphyrin was activated using a temperature of 120 °C, which initiated a C-H insertion mechanism that irreversibly functionalized the PET surface. Activation of the surface with white LED light in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) led to singlet oxygen generation, which was detected via the degradation of 9,10-anthracenediylbis(methylene)dimalonic acid (ADMA) over time. The bactericidal effect of the 1O2-producing surface against Staphylococcus aureus was determined qualitatively and quantitatively. The growth of the pathogen beneath porphyrin-functionalized PET coupons was reduced; moreover, the PET coupons resulted in a 1.76-log reduction in cell counts after exposure to white LED light for 6 h. This is a promising material and platform for the development of safer antimicrobial surfaces, with applications in healthcare, food packaging, marine surfaces, and other surfaces in the environment.In this communication, we report the comparative and selective interaction of amino acid d-cysteine (d-Cys) with citrate caped gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) in the presence of a fluorescent dye, rhodamine B (RhB), in aqueous solution. Au NPs of size 27.5 nm could almost fully quench the steady-state fluorescence emission of RhB at their optimum concentrations in the mixed solution. The interactions of d-Cys, l-Cys, all other relevant d- and l-amino acids, neurotransmitters, and other relevant biological compounds with the Au NPs/RhB mixed solution have been explored by monitoring the fluorescence recovery efficiencies from the almost fully quenched state of RhB fluorescence via a simple steady-state spectrofluorometric method. The higher fluorescence recovery for the interaction of d-Cys with the Au NPs/RhB mixed system is accompanied by a distinct color change (red-wine to bluish-black) of the assay medium after the reaction compared to that of all other interfering compounds considered in this work. The sensiiosample via a simple fluorometric approach.