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This study was designed to evaluate the pharmacological activity and therapeutic mechanism of Xiaojin Pills (XJW) on lung cancer.

Mice were orally administered with Xiaojin Pills for 21 days. Tumour samples were collected to evaluate the antilung cancer effect, and blood samples were collected to identify differential metabolites with metabolomics. Through the analysis of network pharmacology, the active ingredients and targets related to XJW therapy for lung cancer were filtered.

Different expression of seven metabolites related to seven pathways, including Arachidonic acid metabolism, Citrate cycle, tryptophan metabolism, glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism, arginine and proline metabolism, primary bile acid biosynthesis and nicotinate and nicotinamide metabolism, were demonstrated to explain the efficacy of XJW in the treatment of lung cancer. Furthermore, a total of 19 active ingredients (ursolic acid, α-thujone, pelargonidin, succinic acid, boswellic acid, muscone, daidzein, xanthorrhizol, isoeugenol, oleic acid, β-caryophyllene, vanillin, β-sitosterol, lupeol, palmitic acid, eugenol, methylbutenol, β-elemene and quercetin) acted directly on 9 targets (CAT, PTGS2, PTGS1, CTH, ABTA, ALT1, ME2, AGXT and AGXT 2) and regulated 3 out of 7 metabolites (3-Hydroxyanthranilic acid, Pyruvate and Prostaglandin G2).

Through metabolomics and network pharmacology analyses, this study demonstrated that the major metabolites of XJW in treating lung cancer were regulated by multitarget and multicomponent interaction network.

Through metabolomics and network pharmacology analyses, this study demonstrated that the major metabolites of XJW in treating lung cancer were regulated by multitarget and multicomponent interaction network.Ubiquitin ligase Casitas B-lineage lymphoma-b (Cbl-b) play a critical role in nonloading-mediated skeletal muscle atrophy Cbl-b ubiquitinates insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1), leading to its degradation and a resulting loss in muscle mass. We reported that intramuscular injection of a pentapeptide, DGpYMP, which acts as a mimic of the phosphorylation site in IRS-1, significantly inhibited denervation-induced skeletal muscle loss. In order to explore the possibility of the prevention of muscle atrophy by diet therapy, we examined the effects of oral administration of transgenic rice containing Cblin (Cbl-b inhibitor) peptide (DGYMP) on denervation-induced muscle mass loss in frogs. We generated transgenic rice seeds in which 15 repeats of Cblin peptides with a WQ spacer were inserted into the rice storage protein glutelin. A diet of the transgenic rice seeds had significant inhibitory effects on denervation-induced atrophy of the leg skeletal muscles in frogs, compared with those receiving a diet of wild-type rice.The 'biogenetic isoprene rule', formulated in the mid 20th century, predicted that terpenoids are biosynthesized via polymerization of C5 isoprene units. The polymerizing enzymes have been identified to be isoprenyl diphosphate synthases, products of which are catalyzed by terpene synthases (TPSs) to achieve vast structural diversity of terpene skeletons. Irregular terpenes (e.g, C11, C12, C16, C17) are also frequently observed, and they have presumed to be synthesized by the modification of terpene skeletons. This review highlights the exciting discovery of an additional route to the biosynthesis of irregular terpenes which involves the action of a newly discovered enzyme family of isoprenyl diphosphate methyltransferases (IDMTs). These enzymes methylate, and sometimes cyclize, the classical isoprenyl diphosphate substrates to produce modified, non-canonical substrates for specifically evolved TPSs. So far, this new pathway has been found only in bacteria. Structure and sequence comparisons of the IDMTs strongly indicate a conservation of their active pockets and overall topologies. Some bacterial IDMTs and TPSs appear in small gene clusters, which may facilitate future mining of bacterial genomes for identification of irregular terpene-producing enzymes. The IDMT-TPS route for terpenoid biosynthesis presents another example of nature's ingenuity in creating chemical diversity, particularly terpenoids, for organismal fitness. IDMT isoprenyl diphosphate methyltransferases IDPMT isopentenyl diphosphate methyltransferase GDPMT geranyl diphosphate methyltransferase FDPMT farnesyl diphosphate methyltransferases BGC biosynthetic gene cluster TPS terpene synthase MIBS 2-methylisoborneol synthase MBS 2-methylenebornane synthase DMADP Dimethylallyl diphosphate SAM S-adenosyl-L-methionine.Vacuolar storage of iron (Fe) is important for Fe homeostasis in plants. When sufficient, excess Fe could be stored in vacuoles for remobilization in the case of Fe deficiency. Although the mechanism of Fe remobilization from vacuoles is critical for crop development under low Fe stress, the transporters that mediate vacuolar Fe translocation into the cytosol in rice remains unknown. Here, we showed that under high Fe2+ concentrations, the Δccc1 yeast mutant transformed with the rice natural resistance-associated macrophage protein 2 gene (OsNRAMP2) became more sensitive to Fe toxicity. In rice protoplasts and transgenic plants expressing Pro35SOsNRAMP2-GFP, OsNRAMP2 was localized to the tonoplast. Vacuolar Fe content in osnramp2 knockdown lines was higher than in the wild type, while the growth of osnramp2 knockdown plants was significantly influenced by Fe deficiency. Furthermore, the germination of osnramp2 knockdown plants was arrested. Conversely, the vacuolar Fe content of Pro35SOsNRAMP2-GFP lines was significantly lower than in the wild type, and overexpression of OsNRAMP2 increased shoot biomass under Fe deficiency. Taken together, we propose that OsNRAMP2 transports Fe from the vacuole to the cytosol and plays a pivotal role in seed germination.Glycerol (Gly) can be dissimilated by two pathways in bacteria. Either this sugar alcohol is first oxidized to dihydroxyacetone (DHA) and then phosphorylated or it is first phosphorylated to glycerol-3-phosphate (GlyP) followed by oxidation. Oxidation of GlyP can be achieved by NAD-dependent dehydrogenases or by a GlyP oxidase. In both cases, dihydroxyacetone phosphate is the product. Genomic analysis showed that Enterococcus faecium harbors numerous genes annotated to encode activities for the two pathways. However, our physiological analyses of growth on glycerol showed that dissimilation is limited to aerobic conditions and that despite the presence of genes encoding presumed GlyP dehydrogenases, the GlyP oxidase is essential in this process. Although E. faecium contains an operon encoding the phosphotransfer protein DhaM and DHA kinase, which are required for DHA phosphorylation, it is unable to grow on DHA. This operon is highly expressed in stationary phase but its physiological role remains unknown. Finally, data obtained from sequencing of a transposon mutant bank of E. faecium grown on BHI revealed that the GlyP dehydrogenases and a major intrinsic family protein have important but hitherto unknown physiological functions.Antimicrobial materials are tools used to reduce the transmission of infectious microorganisms. Photo-illuminated titania (TiO2) is a known antimicrobial material. Used as a coating on door handles and similar surfaces, it may reduce viability and colonization by pathogens and limit their spread. We tested the survival of Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Saccharomyces cerevisiae on a nano-structured TiO2-based thin film, called 'NsARC', and on stainless steel under a variety of light wavelengths and intensities. There was significantly less survival (P less then 0.001) of all the organisms tested on NsARC compared to inert uncoated stainless steel under all conditions. NsARC was active in the dark and possible mechanisms for this are suggested. NsARC inhibited biofilm formation as confirmed by scanning electron microscopy. These results suggest that NsARC can be used as a self-cleaning and self-sterilizing antimicrobial surface coating for the prevention and reduction in the spread of potentially infectious microbes.

Tumor-induced osteomalacia (TIO) is a paraneoplastic disorder, usually caused by benign mesenchymal tumors that produce high levels of the hormone fibroblast-growth-factor 23 (FGF23). The only curative therapy of the disease is resection of the causative tumors. This research was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of 18F-AlF-NOTA-octreotide ( 18F-OC) PET/CT in detecting TIO and its impact on patient management.

Retrospective analysis of 17 patients with hypophosphatemic osteomalacia suspected of TIO was performed. 18F-OC PET/CT study was performed in all 17 patients to localize the tumor. 68Ga-DOTATATE PET/CT was performed in 4 out of 17 patients. 18F-OC and 68Ga-DOTATATE PET/CT studies were performed within 1 week of each other. Both studies were interpreted blindly without the knowledge of other imaging findings. The image findings were compared with the results of histopathological examinations and clinical follow-ups.

18F-OC PET/CT scans were positive in 14 patients. Moreover, 4 out of 14 patients were performed with both 18F-OC and 68Ga-DOTATATE PET/CT. Both studies were able to localize the tumor in all the 4 patients. In total, 14 patients had surgery to remove the lesions. Postsurgical pathological examination confirmed causative tumors in these patients whose symptoms diminished promptly. The serum phosphate levels became normal confirming the diagnosis of TIO. 18F-OC PET/CT sensitivity, specificity and accuracy were 87.5%, 100% and 88.2% respectively. 18F-OC PET/CT findings affected patient management in 88.2% of cases.

18F-OC PET/CT scan is useful in the detection of tumors causing TIO. Further studies with larger patient population are needed to validate the result.

18F-OC PET/CT scan is useful in the detection of tumors causing TIO. Further studies with larger patient population are needed to validate the result.Transcription factor (TF)-based biosensors have proven useful for increasing biomanufacturing yields, large-scale functional screening, and in environmental monitoring. Most yeast TF-based biosensors are built from natural promoters, resulting in large DNA parts retaining considerable homology to the host genome, which can complicate biological engineering efforts. There is a need to explore smaller, synthetic biosensors to expand the options for regulating gene expression in yeast. Here, we present a systematic approach to improving the design of an existing oxidative stress sensing biosensor in Saccharomyces cerevisiae based on the Yap1 transcription factor. Starting from a synthetic core promoter, we optimized the activity of a Yap1-dependent promoter through rational modification of a minimalist Yap1 upstream activating sequence. Our novel promoter achieves dynamic ranges of activation surpassing those of the previously engineered Yap1-dependent promoter, while reducing it to only 171 base pairs. this website We demonstrate that coupling the promoter to a positive-feedback-regulated TF further improves the biosensor by increasing its dynamic range of activation and reducing its limit of detection. We have illustrated the robustness and transferability of the biosensor by reproducing its activity in an unconventional probiotic yeast strain, Saccharomyces boulardii. Our findings can provide guidance in the general process of TF-based biosensor design.