Castanedavaldez3805

While causality processing is an essential cognitive capacity of the neural system, a systematic understanding of the neural coding of causality is still elusive. We propose a physically fundamental analysis of this issue and demonstrate that the neural dynamics encodes the original causality between external events near homomorphically. The causality coding is memory robust for the amount of historical information and features high precision but low recall. This coding process creates a sparser representation for the external causality. Finally, we propose a statistic characterization for the neural coding mapping from the original causality to the coded causality in neural dynamics.I examine the fate of a kinetic Potts ferromagnet with a high ground-state degeneracy that undergoes a deep quench to zero temperature. I consider single spin-flip dynamics on triangular lattices of linear dimension 8≤L≤128 and set the number of spin states q equal to the number of lattice sites L×L. The ground state is the most abundant final state, and is reached with probability ≈0.71. Three-hexagon states occur with probability ≈0.26, and hexagonal tessellations with more than three clusters form with probabilities of O(10^-3) or less. FINO2 molecular weight Spanning stripe states-where the domain walls run along one of the three lattice directions-appear with probability ≈0.03. "Blinker" configurations, which contain perpetually flippable spins, also emerge, but with a probability that is vanishingly small with the system size.The present work introduces a rigorous stochastic model, called the generalized stochastic microdosimetric model (GSM^2), to describe biological damage induced by ionizing radiation. Starting from the microdosimetric spectra of energy deposition in tissue, we derive a master equation describing the time evolution of the probability density function of lethal and potentially lethal DNA damage induced by a given radiation to a cell nucleus. The resulting probability distribution is not required to satisfy any a priori conditions. After the initial assumption of instantaneous irradiation, we generalized the master equation to consider damage induced by a continuous dose delivery. In addition, spatial features and damage movement inside the nucleus have been taken into account. In doing so, we provide a general mathematical setting to fully describe the spatiotemporal damage formation and evolution in a cell nucleus. Finally, we provide numerical solutions of the master equation exploiting Monte Carlo simulations to validate the accuracy of GSM^2. Development of GSM^2 can lead to improved modeling of radiation damage to both tumor and normal tissues, and thereby impact treatment regimens for better tumor control and reduced normal tissue toxicities.The influence of the coherence of far-red (730 nm) light on the functional activity of plants was studied. Blackberry explants cultivated in vitro on an artificial nutrient medium served as a biological model. The explants were irradiated with light beams with different spatial and temporal coherence. The average cell size D was taken as the discrimination threshold for the coherence length L_coh and the correlation radius r_cor. The results of irradiation were judged by the length and number of shoots formed on each explant. The greatest photoinduced effect was observed when the conditions L_coh, r_cor>D were fulfilled, i.e., when the cell fit completely in the coherence volume of the light wave field. Significant differences in growth parameters were also observed in the variants of the experiment with a constant frequency spectrum of radiation (fixed L_coh), but different r_cor. It is concluded that the correlation properties of radiation affect photoregulatory processes.We find that a moderate intrinsic twisting rate (ITR) can induce a bistable state for a force-free two-dimensional intrinsically curved filament. There are two different configurations of equal energy in a bistable state so that the filament is clearly different from its three-dimensional counterpart. The smaller the ITR or the larger the intrinsic curvature (IC), the clearer the distinction between two isoenergetic configurations and the longer the filament. In bistable states, the relationship between length and ITR is approximately a hyperbola and relationship between IC and critical ITR is approximately linear. Thermal fluctuation can result in a shift between two isoenergetic configurations, but large bending and twisting rigidities can prevent the shift and maintain the filament in one of these two configurations. Moreover, a filament can have a metastable state and at a finite temperature such a filament has the similar property as that of a filament with bistable state.We study the low-temperature domain growth kinetics of the two-dimensional Ising model with long-range coupling J(r)∼r^-(d+σ), where d=2 is the dimensionality. According to the Bray-Rutenberg predictions, the exponent σ controls the algebraic growth in time of the characteristic domain size L(t), L(t)∼t^1/z, with growth exponent z=1+σ for σ0 below the critical temperature T_c. We show that, in the case of quenches to T=0, due to the long-range interactions, the interfaces experience a drift which makes the dynamics of the system peculiar. More precisely, we find that in this case the growth exponent takes the value z=4/3, independently of σ, showing that it is a universal quantity. We support our claim by means of extended Monte Carlo simulations and analytical arguments for single domains.We study dynamics in ensembles of identical excitable units with global repulsive interaction. Starting from active rotators with additional higher order Fourier modes in on-site dynamics, we observe, at sufficiently strong repulsive coupling, large-scale collective oscillations in which the elements form two separate clusters. Transitions from quiescence to clustered oscillations are caused by global bifurcations involving the unstable clustered steady states. For clusters of equal size, the scenarios evolve either through simultaneous formation of two heteroclinic trajectories or through two simultaneous saddle-node bifurcations on invariant circles. If the sizes of clusters differ, two global bifurcations are separated in the parameter space. Stability of clusters with respect to splitting perturbations depends on the kind of higher order corrections to on-site dynamics; we show that for periodic oscillations of two equal clusters the Watanabe-Strogatz integrability marks a change of stability. By extending our studies to ensembles of voltage-coupled Morris-Lecar neurons, we demonstrate that similar bifurcations and switches in stability occur also for more elaborate models in higher dimensions.We put together a first-principles equation of state (FPEOS) database for matter at extreme conditions by combining results from path integral Monte Carlo and density functional molecular dynamics simulations of the elements H, He, B, C, N, O, Ne, Na, Mg, Al, and Si as well as the compounds LiF, B_4C, BN, CH_4, CH_2, C_2H_3, CH, C_2H, MgO, and MgSiO_3. For all these materials, we provide the pressure and internal energy over a density-temperature range from ∼0.5 to 50 g cm^-3 and from ∼10^4 to 10^9 K, which are based on ∼5000 different first-principles simulations. We compute isobars, adiabats, and shock Hugoniot curves in the regime of L- and K-shell ionization. Invoking the linear mixing approximation, we study the properties of mixtures at high density and temperature. We derive the Hugoniot curves for water and alumina as well as for carbon-oxygen, helium-neon, and CH-silicon mixtures. We predict the maximal shock compression ratios of H_2O, H_2O_2, Al_2O_3, CO, and CO_2 to be 4.61, 4.64, 4.64, 4.89, and 4.83, respectively. Finally we use the FPEOS database to determine the points of maximum shock compression for all available binary mixtures. link2 We identify mixtures that reach higher shock compression ratios than their end members. We discuss trends common to all mixtures in pressure-temperature and particle-shock velocity spaces. In the Supplemental Material, we provide all FPEOS tables as well as computer codes for interpolation, Hugoniot calculations, and plots of various thermodynamic functions.Pinned solitons are a special class of nonlinear solutions created by a supersonically moving object in a fluid. They move with the same velocity as the moving object and thereby remain pinned to the object. A well-known hydrodynamical phenomenon, they have been shown to exist in numerical simulation studies but to date have not been observed experimentally in a plasma. In this paper we report the first experimental excitation of pinned solitons in a dusty (complex) plasma flowing over a charged obstacle. The experiments are performed in a Π shaped dusty plasma experimental (DPEx) device in which a dusty plasma is created in the background of a DC glow discharge Ar plasma using micron sized kaolin dust particles. A biased copper wire creates a potential structure that acts as a stationary charged object over which the dust fluid is made to flow at a highly supersonic speed. link3 Under appropriate conditions nonlinear stationary structures are observed in the laboratory frame that correspond to pinned structures moving with the speed of the obstacle in the frame of the moving fluid. A systematic study is made of the propagation characteristics of these solitons by carefully tuning the flow velocity of the dust fluid by changing the height of the potential structure. It is found that the nature of the pinned solitons changes from a single-humped one to a multihumped one and their amplitudes increase with an increase of the flow velocity of the dust fluid. The experimental findings are then qualitatively compared with the numerical solutions of a model forced Korteweg de Vries (fKdV) equation.Topological defects are singular points in vector fields, important in applications ranging from fingerprint detection to liquid crystals to biomedical imaging. In discretized vector fields, topological defects and their topological charge are identified by finite differences or finite-step paths around the tentative defect. As the topological charge is (half) integer, it cannot depend continuously on each input vector in a discrete domain. Instead, it switches discontinuously when vectors change beyond a certain amount, making the analysis of topological defects error prone in noisy data. We improve existing methods for the identification of topological defects by proposing a robustness measure for (i) the location of a defect, (ii) the existence of topological defects and the total topological charge within a given area, (iii) the annihilation of a defect pair, and (iv) the formation of a defect pair. Based on the proposed robustness measure, we show that topological defects in discrete domains can be identified with optimal trade-off between localization precision and robustness. The proposed robustness measure enables uncertainty quantification for topological defects in noisy discretized nematic fields (orientation fields) and polar fields (vector fields).