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INTRODUCTION In the PROMISE study, a multinational randomized controlled trial (RCT) of the effectiveness of spinal cord stimulation (SCS) with multicolumn surgical leads as a treatment of low back pain, clinicians followed their usual practice. An early, unplanned safety analysis revealed that the infection rate in Belgium (5/23), where trial duration was a median 21.5 days, was significantly higher than the 1/64 rate observed in the other study countries (median 5.8 days, p 10 days was 24.1% vs. 1.4% for subjects trialed ≤10 days (p  less then  0.001). After the protocol was amended to limit trial duration to 10 days, 14 infection-free trials were performed in Belgium. CONCLUSIONS Although not part of the preplanned analysis, our observation supports the hypothesis of a cause-effect relationship between trial duration and the risk of infection and the conclusion that prolonged SCS trials should be avoided. © 2020 The Authors. Neuromodulation Technology at the Neural Interface published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Neuromodulation Society.The beginning of 2020 has seen the emergence of COVID-19, an outbreak caused by a novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, an important pathogen for humans. There is an urgent need to better understand this new virus and to develop ways to control its spread. check details In Iran, the first case of the COVID-19 was reported after spread from China and other countries. Fever, cough, and fatigue were the most common symptoms of this virus. In worldwide, the incubation period of COVID-19 was 3 to 7 days and approximately 80% of infections are mild or asymptomatic, 15% are severe, requiring oxygen, and 5% are critical infections, requiring ventilation. To mount an antiviral response, the innate immune system recognizes molecular structures that are produced by the invasion of the virus. COVID-19 infection induces IgG antibodies against N protein that can be detected by serum as early as day 4 after the onset of disease and with most patients seroconverting by day 14. Laboratory evidence of clinical patients showed that a specific T-cell response against SARS-CoV-2 is important for the recognition and killing of infected cells, particularly in the lungs of infected individuals. At present, there is no specific antiviral therapy for COVID-19 and the main treatments are supportive. In this review, we investigated the innate and acquired immune responses in patients who recovered from COVID-19, which could inform the design of prophylactic vaccines and immunotherapy for the future. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.OBJECTIVES The driving force of the malignant transformation of epithelial cells during oral submucous fibrosis (OSF) is an unsettled debate. We hypothesized that the expression and accumulation of cancer stem cells (CSCs) are accompanied by epithelial atrophy in OSF. MATERIALS AND METHODS The expression levels of Ki67 (proliferation marker), SOX2 and Bmi1 (CSC marker) in the epithelium during the early, middle and late stages of OSF were measured by immunohistochemistry. At the same time, we focused on the expression of three proteins in OSF patients with benign hyperkeratosis and epithelial dysplasia. RESULTS The clinical cohort study showed upregulated expression of the proliferation-associated protein Ki67 in atrophic epithelium in patients with OSF. The expression levels of SOX2 and Bmi1 showed an increasing trend in the progression of OSF. Ki67, SOX2 and Bmi1 were highly expressed in OSF tissues with dysplasia. Moreover, the three proteins were located at the epithelial and mesenchymal junctions, and their expression showed a positive correlation with each other. CONCLUSION The results suggests that CSC accumulation could accompanied by epithelial atrophy during OSF, which may be responsible for the driving forces for OSF carcinogenesis. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.RATIONALE Gigantol is a bibenzyl compound isolated from Dendrobii Caulis that has been widely used as a medicinal herb in China. To fully understand the mechanism of action of gigantol, it is necessary to determine its metabolic profile. METHODS Gigantol at the concentration of 20 μM was incubated with hepatocytes (rat, dog, monkey and human) at 37 o C. After 120-min incubation, the samples were analyzed by liquid chromatography combined with electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. The structures of the metabolites were characterized by their molecular masses, product ions and retention times. RESULTS A total of 17 metabolites were detected and structurally identified. The metabolism involved the following pathways a) oxidation to form quinone-methide species and subsequently conjugation with glautathions (GSH); b) demethylation to form demethylated gigantol, which was further conjugated with GSH; c) hydroxylation to yield hydroxyl-gigantol followed by glucuronidation or GSH conjugation; d) glucuronidation to form glucuronide conjugates. Glucuronidation was the primary metabolic pathway in all tested species. CONCLUSIONS Hydroxylation, demethylation, glucuronidation and GSH conjugation were the major metabolic pathways of gigantol. The current study provides new information on the metabolic profiles of gigantol, which is helpful for us to understand the disposition of this compound. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.The Mn(III)/Mn(II) redox couple with a standard potential of +1.51 V vs . SHE has drawn interest for the design of V/Mn redox flow battery (RFB). However, Mn(III) disproportionation leads to a loss of capacity, an increase of pressure drop and electrode passivation due to the formation of MnO 2 during battery cycling. In this work, we studied the influence of Ti(IV) or/and V(V) on Mn(III) stability in acidic conditions, by formulating 4 different electrolytes at equimolar ratios (Mn, MnTi, MnV, MnVTi). Voltammetric studies have revealed a EC i process for Mn(II) oxidation responsible for the electrode passivation. SEM and XPS analysis demonstrate that the nature and the morphology of the passivating oxides layer strongly rely on the electrolyte composition. Spectroelectrochemistry highlights the stabilization effect of Ti(IV) and V(V) on Mn(III). At a comparable pH, the amount of Mn(III) losses through disproportionation is decreased by a factor of 2.5 in the presence of Ti(IV) or/and V(V). V(V) is an efficient substitute to Ti(IV) in order to stabilize Mn(III) electrolyte for redox flow battery applications. © 2020 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.Perovskite oxides with general composition ABO3 are a large group of inorganic materials that can contain a variety of cations from all parts of the Periodic Table and that have diverse properties of application in fields ranging from electronics, energy storage to photocatalysis. Solvothermal synthesis routes to these materials have become increasingly investigated in the past decade as a means of direct crystallisation of the solids from solution. These methods have significant advantages leading to adjustment of crystal form from the nanoscale to the micron-scale, the isolation of compositions not possible using conventional solid-state synthesis and in addition may lead to scalable processes for producing materials at moderate temperatures. These aspects are reviewed, with examples taken from the past decade's literature on the solvothermal synthesis of perovskites with a systematic survey of B-site cations, from transition metals in Groups 4-8 and main group elements in Groups 13, 14 and 15, to solid solutions and heterostructures. As well as hydrothermal reactions, the use of various solvents and solution additives are discussed and some trends identified, along with prospects for developing control and predictability in the crystallisation of complex oxide materials. © 2020 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.As the number of cases of COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2) rise in the United States (US), the number of severe cases (those requiring ICU admission) rise with it. Initially, the estimate for severe cases was approximated at 5% based on experience from China.1, 2 However, the World Health Organization's (WHO) estimate from China for severe and critical cases is near 20% (Table).3 The primary clinical feature of COVID-19 is pneumonia, the severity of which directs the clinical course; it has been estimated that, of patients admitted to the ICU, up to half may require either invasive or non-invasive ventilatory support.4 This has created an unprecedented situation for emergency and critical care medicine. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.Density functional theory (DFT) based calculations have been carried out for the endohedral encapsulation of magnesium dimer inside fullerene, that is, Mg2 @C60 . It is observed that the minimum energy structure of the Mg2 @C60 system is C2h symmetry. The MgMg bond distance in the Mg2 @C60 system is much shorter than that in the free Mg2 and Mg2 2+ ion. The formation of the endohedral Mg2 @C60 system is thermochemically spontaneous in nature. The natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis showed the presence of an Mg2 2+ fragment with an MgMg bond inside the C60 cage. The electron density descriptors have identified the covalency in the MgMg bond. A non-nuclear attractor (NNA) is present in the middle of the two Mg-atoms. The bonding interaction between the Mg2 and C60 fragments is ionic in nature and the [Mg2 2+ ] and [C60 2- ] represent the bonding pattern in the Mg2 @C60 system. The designed endohedrally encapsulated system behaves as an electride. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.How plants have shaped Earth surface feedbacks over geologic time is a key question in botanical and geological inquiry. Recent work has suggested that biomes during the Carboniferous Period contained plants with extraordinary physiological capacity to shape their environment, contradicting the previously dominant view that plants only began to actively moderate the Earth's surface with the rise of angiosperms during the Mesozoic Era. A recently published Viewpoint disputes this recent work, thus here, we document in detail, the mechanistic underpinnings of our modeling and illustrate the extraordinary ecophysiological nature of Carboniferous plants. © 2020 The Authors New Phytologist © 2020 New Phytologist Trust.Multicanonical molecular dynamics based dynamic docking was used to exhaustively search the configurational space of an inhibitor binding to the N-terminal domain of heat-shock protein 90 (Hsp90). The obtained structures at 300 K cover a wide structural ensemble, with the top two clusters ranked by their free energy coinciding with the native binding site. The representative structure of the most stable cluster reproduced the experimental binding configuration, but an interesting conformational change in Hsp90 could be observed. The combined effects of solvation and ligand binding shift the equilibrium from a preferred loop-in conformation in the unbound state to an α-helical one in the bound state for the flexible lid region of Hsp90. Thus, our dynamic docking method is effective at predicting the native binding site while exhaustively sampling a wide configurational space, modulating the protein structure upon binding. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.