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Plants possess a unique form of broad-spectrum long-distance immunity termed systemic acquired resistance (SAR). SAR involves the rapid generation of mobile signal(s) in response to localized microbial infection, which transport to the distal tissue and 'prime' them against future infections by related and unrelated pathogens. Several SAR-inducing chemicals that could be classified as the potential mobile signal have been identified. Many of these function in a bifurcate pathway with both branches being equally essential for SAR induction. This review reflects on the potential candidacy of the known SAR inducers as mobile signal(s) based on historical knowledge of the SAR signal and recent advances in the SAR signaling pathway.Rapid motor learning may occur in situations where individuals perceive a threat if they do not perform a task well. This rapid motor learning may be facilitated by improved motor performance and, consequently, more errorless practice. As a first step towards understanding the role of perceived threat on rapid motor learning, the purpose of this study was to determine how performance of a motor task is affected in situations where perceived threat is high. We hypothesized that perceived threat in a virtual environment would result in improved performance of a walking task (i.e., walking on a narrow beam). Results demonstrated that increased perceived threat did not yield statistically significantly greater balance performance in the high-threat virtual environment (median percentage of successful steps 78.8%, 48.3%, and 55.2% in the real low-threat, virtual low-threat, and virtual high-threat environments, respectively). These results may be partially attributed to habituation to threat over time and practice. If implemented carefully, virtual reality technology can be an effective tool for investigating walking balance in environments that are perceived as threatening.Psychomotor studies have identified a key role for attention in skill performance and acquisition. However, the neural mechanisms that underpin attention's role in motor control are not well understood. The current study investigated the differential effects of focus of attention upon short-latency afferent inhibition (SAI). SAI was chosen as it is positively correlated with the amount of sensory afference reaching the cortex. SAI is also sensitive to cholinergic influence, the same neurotransmitter involved in regulating attention, and is known to interact with other intracortical networks in the motor cortex. SAI in the first dorsal interosseous muscle was assessed while two separate groups produced the same physical sequential skill represented as a series of response key colors (external focus) or response fingers (internal focus). SAI was assessed at rest, immediately preceding, one element before or two elements before an index finger response. Compared to rest, both attention focus groups demonstrated a reduction in first dorsal interosseous SAI across the three sequence elements. However, the relative magnitude of SAI was greater under an internal focus of attention as an index finger response approached. This pattern indicates an attentional enhancement of somatosensory afference when attention is directed to a bodily dimension that counters the typical movement-related suppression of SAI. The current results support contemporary theories of attention's role in motor control, where an external focus of attention promotes a cortical state that maximizes effector coordination to maximize motor outcome.

Varus thrust during walking, visualized as excessive frontal plane knee motion during weight acceptance, is a modifiable risk factor for progression of knee osteoarthritis. However, visual assessment does not capture thrust severity and quantification with optical motion capture is often not feasible. Inertial sensors may provide a convenient alternative to optical motion capture. This proof-of-concept study sought to compare wearable inertial sensors to optical motion capture for the quantification of varus thrust.

Twenty-six participants with medial knee osteoarthritis underwent gait analysis at self-selected and fast speeds. Linear regression with generalized estimating equations assessed associations between peak knee adduction velocity or knee adduction excursion from optical motion capture and peak thigh or shank adduction velocity from two inertial sensors on the lower limb. Relationships between inertial measures and peak external knee adduction moment were assessed as a secondary aim.

Both thigh and shank inertial sensor measures were associated with the optical motion capture measures for both speeds (P<0.001 to P=0.020), with the thigh measures having less variability than the shank. After accounting for age, sex, body mass index, radiographic severity, and limb alignment, thigh adduction velocity was also associated with knee adduction moment at both speeds (both P<0.001).

An inertial sensor placed on the mid-thigh can quantify varus thrust in people with medial knee osteoarthritis without the need for optical motion capture. This single sensor may be useful for risk screening or evaluating the effects of interventions in large samples.

An inertial sensor placed on the mid-thigh can quantify varus thrust in people with medial knee osteoarthritis without the need for optical motion capture. This single sensor may be useful for risk screening or evaluating the effects of interventions in large samples.In the near future humans will increasingly be required to cooperate and share task load with artificial agents in joint tasks as they will be able to greatly assist humans in various types of tasks and contexts. In the present study, we investigated humans' willingness to share task load with a computer partner in a joint visuospatial task. The partner was described as either behaving in a human-like or machine-like way and followed a pre-defined behaviour that was either human-like or non-human-like. We found that participants successfully shared task load when the partner behaved in a human-like way. Critically, the successful collaboration was sustained throughout the experiment only when the partner was also described as behaving in a human-like way beforehand. Oxaliplatin DNA inhibitor These findings suggest that not only the behaviour of a computer partner but also the prior description of the partner is a critical factor influencing humans' willingness to share task load.