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Two novel enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs), designed to detect complexes containing DNA, leucocyte calprotectin and S100A12 proteins, were generated for improved specificity and rapid measurement of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). The assays were applied on plasma and serum samples from blood donors for establishment of reference values, and from patients with multiple myeloma (MM) or rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in order to examine putatively increased values in the two different inflammatory conditions. Although NETs were hardly detectable in healthy individuals, NET levels were as expected highly and statistically significantly increased in RA patients. The detection of statistically significantly increased NET levels in MM is a novel finding. © 2020 The Authors. Scandinavian Journal of Immunology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of The Scandinavian Foundation for Immunology.BACKGROUND Scabies is a common parasitic skin condition that causes considerable morbidity globally. Clinical and epidemiological research for scabies have been limited by a lack of standardisation of diagnostic methods. OBJECTIVES We aimed to develop consensus criteria for the diagnosis of common scabies that could be implemented in a variety of settings. METHODS Consensus diagnostic criteria were developed through a Delphi study of international experts. Ruboxistaurin Detailed recommendations were collected from the expert panel to define the criteria features and guide their implementation. These comments were then combined with a comprehensive review of available literature and opinion of an expanded group of international experts to develop detailed, evidence-based definitions and diagnostic methods. RESULTS The 2020 IACS Consensus Criteria for the Diagnosis of Scabies include three levels of diagnostic certainty and eight subcategories. Confirmed Scabies (Level A) requires direct visualisation of the mite or its products. Clinical Scabies (Level B) and Suspected Scabies (Level C) rely on clinical assessment of signs and symptoms. Evidence-based, consensus methods for microscopy, visualisation and clinical symptoms and signs were developed, along with a media library. CONCLUSIONS The 2020 IACS Criteria represent a pragmatic, yet robust set of diagnostic features and methods. The criteria may be implemented in a range of research, public health and clinical settings by selecting the appropriate diagnostic levels and subcategories. These criteria may provide greater consistency and standardisation for scabies diagnoses. Validation studies and development of training materials and development of survey methods are now required. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.BACKGROUND Airway management is a defining skill for anaesthesiologists. Anaesthesiologists must maintain and update these crucial skills throughout their career, but how this is best achieved remains unclear. This study aimed to clarify anaesthesiologists' procedural volume, confidence in airway management and their current and preferred future educational strategies. METHODS A questionnaire was developed consisting of 28 items exploring essential skills in airway management. All anaesthesiologists in the Capital Region of Denmark were invited to participate. RESULTS The response rate was 84% (240/285). Most anaesthesiologists felt competent to a high or very high degree in basic airway management. Anaesthesiologists from anaesthesia felt confident to a significantly higher degree than those working in the intensive care unit (ICU) regarding the practical aspects of airway management in both the anticipated difficult airway (93% vs 73%, P  less then  .001) and the unanticipated difficult airway (81% vs 61%, P = .002). Both groups performed most of the key advanced techniques ≤4 times yearly, whereas anaesthesiologists from the ICU had a lower and less diverse procedural volume than those working in anaesthesia. The anaesthesiologists preferred training through their daily clinical work, hands-on workshops, and scenario-based simulation training. However, a large discrepancy was identified between the current and the desired level of training. CONCLUSION The anaesthesiologists felt competent to a high or very high degree in basic airway management but the current procedural volume in advanced airway management causes concern for skill maintenance. Furthermore, we found a gap between the current and the desired level of supplemental training. © 2020 The Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica Foundation. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.The popular dual definition of lichen symbiosis is under question with recent findings of additional microbial partners living within the lichen body. Here we compare the distribution and co-occurrence patterns of lichen photobiont and recently described secondary fungus (Cyphobasidiales yeast) to evaluate their dependency on lichen host fungus (mycobiont). We sequenced the nuclear internal transcribed spacer (ITS) strands for mycobiont, photobiont, and yeast from six widespread northern hemisphere epiphytic lichen species collected from 25 sites in Switzerland and Estonia. Interaction network analyses and multivariate analyses were conducted on operational taxonomic units based on ITS sequence data. Our study demonstrates the frequent presence of cystobasidiomycete yeasts in studied lichens and shows that they are much less mycobiont-specific than the photobionts. Individuals of different lichen species growing on the same tree trunk consistently hosted the same or closely related mycobiont-specific Trebouxia lineage over geographic distances while the cystobasidiomycete yeasts were unevenly distributed over the study area - contrasting communities were found between Estonia and Switzerland. These results contradict previous findings of high mycobiont species specificity of Cyphobasidiales yeast at large geographic scales. Our results suggest that the yeast might not be as intimately associated with the symbiosis as is the photobiont. © 2020 The Authors New Phytologist © 2020 New Phytologist Trust.Regorafenib treatment improves survival of patients with metastatic colorectal cancer, but it is also characterized by detrimental side effects that may require modified dosing or interval schedules. Regorafenib is metabolized by cytochrome P450 3A4 in the liver to its active metabolites, M-2 and M-5. We examined area under the unbound plasma concentration-time curve (AUCu) to these compounds to establish pharmacokinetic bases for individualized dosing strategies. The plasma protein binding of M-2 and M-5 was approximately 10-fold lower than that of regorafenib, whereas AUCu values for active metabolites on both days 1 and 15 were significantly higher than that of regorafenib. Patients with higher AUCu values of M-2 or M-5 on day 1 showed significantly shorter progression-free survival than others, likely due, at least in part, to treatment discontinuation as a result of adverse events, especially occurred during first cycle. © 2020 The Authors Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics © 2020 American Society for Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics.