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nov. and discuss the taxonomy of several interesting species.

Diarrheal disease is the second leading cause of death in children under five years old and is responsible for killing around 525 000 children every year. Cyclopamine solubility dmso Based on the world health organization estimates, diarrhea contributes to more than one in every ten (13%) child deaths in Ethiopia. Despite the emphasis given to improving child health, many children are still dying due to easily preventable and treatable diarrheal disease in Ethiopia.

A community cross-sectional study was conducted on randomly selected under-five children who live in Wonago district. Three hundred eighteen households were selected using a systematic sampling technique. Data were collected using a structured closed-ended questionnaire. Data were cleaned, coded, and entered into the statistical package for social sciences window version 20 statistical software analysis.

The magnitude of moderate to severe diarrhea in the Wonago district was 30.9%. The number of family members (AOR 2.7, 95% CI [1.277-5.716]), presence of animals in households (AOR 2.591, 95% CI [1.188-5.650]), availability of latrine (AOR 2.129, 95% CI [1.006-4.505]), and hand washing practice during a critical time (AOR 2.683, 95% CI [1.139-6.319]) were strongly associated with moderate to severe diarrhea.

Childhood diarrhea remains an important health concern in the study area. This calls for a holistic and multimodal approach for the prevention, early identification, and intervention of diarrhea in children. More emphasis should also be given on personal, household, and environmental hygiene, as well as family planning.

Childhood diarrhea remains an important health concern in the study area. This calls for a holistic and multimodal approach for the prevention, early identification, and intervention of diarrhea in children. More emphasis should also be given on personal, household, and environmental hygiene, as well as family planning.

Rotavirus vaccines reduced severe rotavirus disease by more than 60% during the first year of life. In Ethiopia, however, about 28% and 6% of diarrheal disease hospitalizations and deaths among under-five children are associated with rotavirus, respectively. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate rotavirus coverage and associated factors in a rural population of the northwest, Ethiopia.

A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted from May to June 2019, in Dabat and Gondar Zuria districts, northwest Ethiopia. Data from 603 mothers paired with children aged 12-36 months were collected through house-to-house visits. Variables having a p-value <0.05 were considered to have a significant association with the outcome. Odds ratio (OR) with its 95% confidence interval (CI) was used as a measure of association.

The prevalence of rotavirus vaccine coverage among children was 76.60% (95% CI; 69.98, 83.22). The dropout rate for rotavirus vaccine dose 2 out of rotavirus vaccine dose 1 was 1.99%. Mot Formal education, postnatal care, and time taken to reach vaccination centers were predictors to achieving full rotavirus vaccine coverage of children. Health-care services utilization after delivery should be intensified to improved child rotavirus vaccine completion in the districts. The long travel time should be dealt with by strengthening outreach services and increasing the number of new vaccination centers in the districts.

Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is an autosomal dominant genetic condition which predisposes individuals to tumors of the nervous system, skin, bones, and eyes. Plexiform neurofibromas (PNs) occur in 20-50% of NF1 cases, causing multiple morbidities and conferring a risk of malignancy. NF1 with PN is poorly characterized in the literature with regard to treatment patterns, healthcare resource utilization, and costs in the real world.

This was a retrospective analysis of data from a commercial claims database in the US between October 2014 and March 2018. Persons with at least 1 diagnostic code for both NF1 and PN, aged ≤18 years on the index date, and continuously enrolled for ≥12 months before the index date were included. The index date was defined as the date of the first diagnosis of NF1 or PN during the study period, whichever occurred later. Healthcare resource utilization during follow-up included outpatient, inpatient, emergency room (ER), and pharmacy encounters; corresponding costs were calculated as the mean per patient per year (PPPY) in 2018 US dollars. Treatments were classified as PN surgery, pain medication, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and targeted therapies. All analyses were descriptive.

A total of 301 patients were included. In the follow-up period, nearly all patients (99.7%) had outpatient visits, while 81.1% had pharmacy visits, 25.2% had ER visits, and 13.0% had inpatient visits. Mean ± SD [median] total healthcare costs PPPY were $38,292 ± $80,556 [$16,037]. During follow-up, 44.2% of patients used pain medications, 23.9% received chemotherapy, 5.0% underwent surgery for PN, 1.3% received radiotherapy, and 1.0% received targeted therapies.

Commercially insured pediatric patients diagnosed with NF1 and PN were treated primarily with supportive care, highlighting a substantial unmet need in the United States.

Commercially insured pediatric patients diagnosed with NF1 and PN were treated primarily with supportive care, highlighting a substantial unmet need in the United States.

Prematurity contributes greatly to the neonatal mortality burden in sub-Saharan Africa. This study evaluated the proportion of preterm neonatal death, medical conditions at admission, and determinants of mortality of preterm neonates in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) of a tertiary hospital in Western Uganda.

A prospective cohort study of 351 consecutively enrolled preterm neonates was conducted from March to June 2019. Interviewer-administered questionnaires and physical assessment of neonates were used to obtain socio-demographic and clinical data for mothers and their preterm neonates. Descriptive statistics for participants' characteristics were generated, while bivariate and multivariate logistic regression models were fitted so as to establish the determinants of mortality outcome. A p-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant.

In-hospital neonatal mortality of 31.6% (95% CI 26.9-36.7) was noted, with 65.8% of deaths occurring within 72 hours from admission. The most common m preterm-associated complications and optimize facility-based continuum of care.

In-hospital mortality of preterm neonates was high. We identified various maternal and neonatal risk factors, indicating a need for stakeholders to enhance efforts towards prevention of preterm-associated complications and optimize facility-based continuum of care.

Integrated Management of Neonatal and Childhood Illnesses (IMNCI) is one of the child health programs and it provides an integrated approach and focuses on the well-being of the whole child. Globally, nearly nine million children pass away every year with preventable and treatable conditions. IMNCI program is provided by the health facilities to aid children under five years of age from illness. This study is aimed at assessing the implementation of the IMNCI program in public health centers of Soro District, Hadiya Zone, Southern Ethiopia.

The implementation of the IMNCI program was studied using a facility-based cross-sectional study design integrating both qualitative and quantitative data collected from 9 public health centers in Soro district, Hadiya Zone, Southern Ethiopia. A total of 390 (92%) caregivers were included in the study by the proportion of under-five outpatient coverage from each public health center. Data were collected through face to face interviewer-administered questionnaires, docure in other districts to ensure proper implementation of the IMNCI program in Ethiopia.

High-risk behaviors are the main causes of death and disability among youth and adults. Entering university might cause students to go through their first-hand experience of using substances.

This study aimed to detect the subgroups of students based on substance use and assess the effects of religiosity and parental support as well as other related factors on the membership of students in each latent class.

Using a multistage sampling method, this cross-sectional study was conducted in 2016 in Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences (n=524). All students completed a self-report questionnaire. This questionnaire contained questions about substance use, religious beliefs and familial support. The questions of substance use were prepared using the World Health Organization Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test (WHO ASSIST). To analyze the data, PROC LCA statistical method was run in SAS9.2.

Three latent classes were identified 1) nonuser (87.5%), 2) tobacco and illicit drug user (8.7%) and 3) polydrug user (3.8%). Having extramarital sex in the last month (OR=28.29, 95% CI; 8.45-94.76), living alone (OR=4.29, 95% CI; 1.01-18.35) and having a higher score of familial support (OR=0.94, 95% CI; 0.89-0.98) were associated with the polydrug user class. Hookah smoking had the highest (11.1%) and non-medical methylphenidate use had the lowest (2.3%) prevalence among the participants of the study.

This study revealed that 12.5% of the students were either tobacco and illicit drug users or polydrug users. Thus, focusing on the religiosity and familial support may help design some preventive programs for this stratum of young adults.

This study revealed that 12.5% of the students were either tobacco and illicit drug users or polydrug users. Thus, focusing on the religiosity and familial support may help design some preventive programs for this stratum of young adults.

Annually, over 200,000 people are diagnosed with leprosy, also called Hansen's disease. This number has been relatively stable over the past years. Progress has been made in the fields of chemoprophylaxis and immunoprophylaxis to prevent leprosy, with a primary focus on close contacts of patients. In this descriptive meta-analysis, we summarize the evidence and identify knowledge gaps regarding post-exposure prophylaxis against leprosy.

A systematic literature search according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) methodology was conducted by searching the medical scientific databases Cochrane, Embase, Pubmed/MEDLINE, Research Gate, Scopus and Web of Science on Jan. 22, 2020, using a combination of synonyms for index terms in four languages "leprosy" and "population" or "contacts" and "prevention" or "prophylaxis." Subsequently, Infolep.org and Google Scholar were searched and the "snowball method" was used to retrieve other potentially relevant literature. Theegistration nationally and prophylactic drug availability globally at low or no cost are important for the implementation and further upscaling of preventive measures against leprosy, such as SDR-PEP and new vaccines.Onchocerciasis is a parasitic infection caused by the filarial nematode Onchocerca volvulus and transmitted through the bites of black flies of the genus Similium that breed in rivers and streams. The impact of mass treatment with ivermectin and supplemented by vector control in some countries has changed the global scene of onchocerciasis. There has been reported progress made in elimination of onchocerciasis in central and southern American countries and in some localities in Africa. The target for elimination in the Americas has been set at 2022 while for 12 countries in Africa this is expected in 2030. This review was conducted to examine the current status of onchocerciasis elimination at the global level and report on progress made. Literature searches were made through PubMed, articles in English or English abstracts, reports and any other relevant articles related to the subject. The global burden of onchocerciasis is progressively reducing and is no longer a public health problem in some regions. However, programs are challenged with a range of issues cross-border transmission, diagnostic tools, Loa loa co-endemicity, limited workforce in entomology and maintaining enthusiasm among community drug distributors.