Toftboye4670

Together, these results support the hypothesis that humans have evolved unique skills for coordinating decisions and actions with others in the pursuit of common interests. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).Caffeinated alcoholic beverage (CAB) consumption is a risky drinking practice for young people. The purpose of the current set of studies was to develop and psychometrically evaluate a theory-based CAB motives measure to understand what drives CAB consumption and its ensuing consequences. Using 4 different samples, we pilot tested the items of the Caffeinated Alcohol Beverages Motives Questionnaire (CABMQ) and then evaluated its factor structure and its convergent, concurrent, and discriminant validity. Factor analyses supported a 5-factor structure. The coping and conformity subscales assessed negative reinforcement from internal and external sources, respectively. The social subscale assessed positive reinforcement derived from external sources, whereas the intoxication and energy enhancement subscales assessed positive reinforcement derived from internal sources. PF06821497 Differential relationships between the intoxication and energy enhancement subscales and existing motives measures provided compelling support for their individual distinctiveness. Greater endorsement of all subscales was related to experiencing more adverse alcohol-related consequences, whereas all subscales but the conformity subscale were related to greater CAB consumption. After controlling for general drinking motives, coping motives, energy enhancement motives, intoxication enhancement motives, and social motives were significantly correlated with CAB use, whereas only energy enhancement motives were significantly correlated with alcohol-related consequences. In sum, these results show that the CABMQ helps us understand CAB use and its consequences, with the energy enhancement subscale being particularly helpful. Future research should examine if energy enhancement motives explain why CABs pose more risk than drinking alcohol on its own. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).The aim of the current meta-analysis was to aggregate concurrent and longitudinal empirical research on associations between the interparental relationship and both children's maladjustment (i.e., externalizing and internalizing symptoms) and children's responses to interparental conflict (i.e., emotional, behavioral, cognitive, and physiological). Based on major theoretical frameworks, we distinguished between six dimensions of the interparental relationship relationship quality, conflict frequency, hostile, disengaged, and unconstructive forms of conflict, and child-related conflict. A final selection of 169 studies for child maladjustment and 61 studies for child responses to conflict were included. The findings revealed by the expansive and fine-grained approach of this meta-analysis support and challenge theoretical hypotheses about the relative predictive value of dimensions of the interparental relationship for children's functioning. Although hostility was specifically more strongly associated with children's externalizing behavior and emotional responses to conflict, disengaged and unconstructive conflict behavior posed similar risks for the other domains of child functioning. In addition, relationship quality, conflict frequency, and child-related conflict warrant more attention in theoretical frameworks, as these dimensions posed similar risks to child functioning as the different forms of conflict. Moreover, most associations between the interparental relationship and child functioning endured over time. Also, developmental and gender differences appeared to depend on the specific forms of interparental conflict and the domain of child functioning. In sum, the results support the growing consensus that prevention and intervention programs aimed at children's mental health could benefit from an alternative or additional focus on the interparental relationship. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).Perceiving emotional expressions automatically triggers a tendency to react with a matching facial expression. Although it is considered fundamental for healthy social interactions, the mechanism behind it is unclear. One prevalent explanation suggests that perceiving emotional expressions induces emotions in the observer and that it is these emotions that elicit the facial reactions. This study directly tested this hypothesis, investigating whether emotion elicitation is what drives the effect. Two experiments used a facial stimulus-response compatibility (SRC) paradigm-a widely used measure of the tendency to facially match emotional expressions-in which the irrelevant stimuli were happy and angry body postures. Reaction times were measured using facial electromyography. Experiment 1 replicated the known SRC effect to body postures using a simpler task with only one, prespecified, response. This established a novel variant of the paradigm in which the facial effects cannot be attributed to motor matching or response selection and which focuses specifically on the automatic components of the effect. Experiment 2 then added to this paradigm a habituation protocol and self-report ratings of affective valence. Results indicated that emotional body postures elicited limited emotional reactions, which were further habituated following repeated presentations. However, the facial SRC effect did not undergo such habituation, suggesting that reducing emotional reaction to observed expressions does not reduce the tendency to match those expressions. Our findings do not support the emotion elicitation hypothesis and suggest that automatic facial reactions to emotional body postures are not driven by emotional reactions to the stimuli. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).Objective We conducted a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to promote health behavior change based on self-determination theory (SDT). The review aimed to (a) quantify the impact of SDT interventions on health behaviors, (b) test mediation by theoretically specified variables (autonomous motivation and perceived competence), and (c) identify moderators of intervention effectiveness. Method Computerized searches and additional strategies identified 56 articles that yielded 65 independent tests of SDT interventions. Random effects meta-analysis and metaregressions were conducted via STATA; meta-analytic structural equation modeling (MASEM) was used to test mediation. Results The sample-weighted average effect size for SDT interventions was d+ = .23, and there were significant effects for physical activity, sedentary behavior, diet, alcohol consumption, and smoking cessation (.16 ≥ d+ ≥ .29). Effect sizes exhibited both publication bias and small sample bias but remained significantly different from zero, albeit of smaller magnitude, after correction for bias (d+ ≥ .