Bondkeith6794

enes involved in the memory.Hypothalamic melanocortin 4 receptors (MC4R) regulate energy balance. Mutations in the MC4R gene are the most common cause of monogenic obesity in humans. https://www.selleckchem.com/products/blu-451.html Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is a promising antiobesity agent, but its effects on melanocortin obesity are unknown. Sex is an important biological variable that must be considered when conducting preclinical studies; however, in laboratory animal models, the pharmacological effects of FGF21 are well documented only for male mice. We aimed at investigating whether FGF21 affects metabolism in male and female mice with the lethal yellow (Ay) mutation, which results in MC4R blockage and obesity development. Obese C57Bl-Ay male and female mice were administered subcutaneously for 10 days with vehicle or FGF21 (1 mg per 1 kg). Food intake (FI), body weight (BW), blood parameters, and gene expression in the liver, muscles, brown adipose tissue, subcutaneous and visceral white adipose tissues, and hypothalamus were measured. FGF21 action strongly depended on the sex of the animals. In the males, FGF21 decreased BW and insulin blood levels without affecting FI. In the females, FGF21 increased FI and liver weight, but did not affect BW. In control Ay-mice, expression of genes involved in lipid and glucose metabolism (Ppargc1a, Cpt1, Pck1, G6p, Slc2a2) in the liver and genes involved in lipogenesis (Pparg, Lpl, Slc2a4) in visceral adipose tissue was higher in females than in males, and FGF21 administration inhibited the expression of these genes in females. FGF21 administration decreased hypothalamic POMC mRNA only in males. Thus, the pharmacological effect of FGF21 were significantly different in male and female Ay-mice; unlike males, females were resistant to catabolic effects of FGF21.There is a hypothesis of the involvement of the glutamatergic system in the development of autism. It has been shown that the chronic experience in daily intermale confrontations leads to disturbances in social behavior a decrease in communicativeness, disturbances of socialization, emergence of stereotypical behaviors that can be considered as symptoms of the autistic spectrum disorders. So, the aim of this study was to investigate changes in the expression of glutamatergic (GG) and autism-related (GA) genes in the hippocampus of animals with impaired social behavior caused by repeated experience of social defeat or aggression in daily agonistic confrontations. To form groups of animals with contrasting behaviors, a model of sensory contact (chronic social stress) was used. The collected brain samples were sequenced at JSC Genoanalytica (http//genoanalytica.ru/ , Moscow, Russia). Transcriptomic analysis revealed a down-regulation of autism-related (Shank3, Auts2, Ctnnd2, Nrxn2) and glutamatergic (Grm4) genes in aggressive mice. At the same time, the expression of GA-related genes (Shank2, Nlgn2, Ptcdh10, Reln, Arx) and GG genes (Grik3, Grm2, Grm4, Slc17a7, Slc1a4, Slc25a22) excluding Grin2a was increased in defeated mice. Correlative analysis revealed a statistically significant association between GG and GA expression. These results can serve as a confirmation of the participation of the glutamatergic system in the pathophysiology of the autistic spectrum disorder.Identifying genome regions that are directly or indirectly associated with developmental defects and malformations in domesticated pigs can help identify genomic traits used as biomarkers of the structural and functional composition of the body, their metabolic status and genetic diseases as well. Such studies are directly related to the improvement of the economic efficiency, as they allow identification and exclusion of defect animals, who may carry target genes not appearing phenotypically, from the breeding process. In the current work, we have searched for these kind of target genes and genome regions with conducting the genome-wide association studies using PorcineSNP60K BeadChips (Illumina, San Diego, USA). A total of 48 boars of a large white breed of the nucleus farm "Znamenskoe" were analyzed for 21 traits of indicated shortcomings of the exterior and defects of development in 39,153 their offspring. Calculations were made using a mixed type linear model in package GEMMA. In this study, we selected only 36,704 polymorphic SNPs from an initial 61,000-strong SNP set. After GWAS, we obtained 24 alleles in 11 corresponding genes (P less then 0.1) in the genome of pigs, which are significantly correlated with traits of developmental abnormalities such as anal atresia (ARMC7, FANCC, RND3, ENSSSCG00000017216), limb problems (PAWR, NTM, OPCML, ENSSSCG00000040250, ENSSSCG00000017018) and tremor of piglets (RIC3, ENSSSCG00000032665). Also, co-expression of the NTM, OPCML and RND3 genes was revealed. This study confirms the relevance of using the single SNP detection according to the single trait approach in associative studies, even for small sample numbers.This review presents the current progress in and approaches to in vitro conservation of reproductive cells of animals, including birds, such as cryopreservation and freeze-drying, as well as epigenetic conditions for restoring viable spermatozoa and female gametes after conservation. Cryopreservation is an effective way to preserve reproductive cells of various species of animals and birds. In vitro gene pool conservation is aimed primarily to the restoration of extinct breeds and populations and to the support of genetic diversity in populations prone to genetic drift. It is the combination of ex situ in vivo and ex situ in vitro methods that can form the basic principles of the strategy of animal genetic diversity preservation. Also, use of cryopreserved semen allows faster breeding in industrial poultry farming. Despite numerous advances in semen cryobiology, new methods that can more efficiently restore semen fertility after cryopreservation are being sought. The mechanisms underlying the effect of cryoprrganizational and legal ways of solving the problems of in vitro conservation of genetic resources of farm animals, including birds, are proposed.Intestinal human microbiota is a dynamic system that is under the pressures of its host organism and external factors. Microbiota disruption caused by these factors can lead to severe diseases including inflammatory and oncological diseases of the gastrointestinal tract. One of the possible approaches in managing the intestinal microbiota is fecal microbiota transplantation (FT) - transfer of the microbiota from the stool of a healthy donor to the intestinal tract of a recipient patient. Currently, this procedure is recognized as an efficacious method to normalize the intestinal microbiota mainly in inflammatory diseases of the gastrointestinal tract. In Russia, pilot studies of the effectiveness of FT in patients with ulcerative colitis have been conducted for several years, and these studies were started in Novosibirsk. The aim of this study was to assess the change of intestinal microbiome in 20 patients with ulcerative colitis after a single FT procedure. The main method is a comparative analysis of 16S ribosomal RNA sequence libraries constructed using fecal samples obtained from patients with ulcerative colitis before and after FT and sequenced on the Illumina MiSeq platform.