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ry. The release of hydrogen gas that forms during Mg alloy degradation occurred immediately after implantation in all five of the groups examined, which did not affect the normal functionality of the tissues surrounding the implants. Imaging examinations (radiological and CT) revealed the presence of the alloy and the volume of hydrogen gas in the lumbar and femoral region in varying amounts. The biodegradable alloys in the Mg-Ca-Mn system have great potential to be used in orthopedic applications.The poor formability of high volume fraction whisker reinforced aluminum matrix composites of original squeeze casting is an important factor restricting its further development and application. Currently, there are no reports on the secondary forgeability of aluminum matrix composites of original squeeze casting, although some papers on its first forgeability are published. The secondary forgeability is very important for most metals. This study aims to investigate the secondary forgeability of aluminum matrix composites. In this study, the secondary upsetting experiments of 20 vol% SiCw + Al18B4O33w/2024Al composites, treated by the original squeeze casting and extrusion, were carried out. The first upsetting deformation is close to the forming limit, the secondary upsetting deformation under the same deformation conditions was carried out to investigate the secondary forgeability. The experimental results show that, unlike aluminum alloys, the 20 vol% SiCw + Al18B4O33w/2024Al composites at the original squeeze casting and extrusion states have no secondary forgeability due to the whisker rotating and breaking during the secondary upsetting. The high volume fraction whisker reinforced aluminum matrix composites of original squeeze casting cannot be formed by the multiple-forging method since the cavities and cracks caused by whisker fracture continue to expand during secondary processing, which leads to further extension of macroscopic cracks.The intensive cytotoxicity of pure copper is effectively kills bacteria, but it can compromise cellular behavior, so a rational balance must be found for Cu-loaded implants. In the present study, the individual and combined effect of surface composition and roughness on osteoblast cell behavior of in situ alloyed Ti6Al4V(ELI)-3 at.% Cu obtained by laser powder bed fusion was studied. Surface composition was studied using scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction. Surface roughness measurements were carried out using confocal microscopy. In vitro osteoblast performance was evaluated by means of cell morphology observation of cell viability, proliferation, and mineralization. In vitro studies were performed at 1, 7, and 14 days of cell culture, except for cell mineralization at 28 days, on grounded and as-built (rough) samples with and without 3 at.% Cu. The addition of 3 at.% Cu did not show cell cytotoxicity but inhibited cell proliferation. Cell mineralization tends to be higher for samples with 3 at.% Cu content. Surface roughness inhibited cell proliferation too, but showed enhanced cell mineralization capacity and therefore, higher osteoblast performance, especially when as-built samples contained 3 at.% Cu. Cell proliferation was only observed on ground samples without Cu but showed the lowest cell mineralization.Direct metal printing is a promising technique for manufacturing injection molds with complex conformal cooling channels from maraging steel powder, which is widely applied in automotive or aerospace industries. However, two major disadvantages of direct metal printing are the narrow process window and length of time consumed. The fabrication of high-density injection molds is frequently applied to prevent coolant leakage during the cooling stage. In this study, we propose a simple method of reducing coolant leakage for a direct-metal-printed injection mold with conformal cooling channels by combining injection mold fabrication with general process parameters, as well as solution and aging treatment (SAT). This study comprehensively investigates the microstructural evolution of the injection mold after SAT using field-emission scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. We found that the surface hardness of the injection mold was enhanced from HV 189 to HV 546 as the Ni-Mo precipitates increased from 12.8 to 18.5%. The size of the pores was reduced significantly due to iron oxide precipitates because the relative density of the injection mold increased from 99.18 to 99.72%. The total production time of the wax injection mold without coolant leakage during the cooling stage was only 62% that of the production time of the wax injection mold fabricated with high-density process parameters. A significant savings of up to 46% of the production cost of the injection mold was obtained.The corrosion of mild steel and Al alloy in Fomtec P 6% and 6% P Profoam 806 protein-based foam concentrates was investigated. Weight-loss data for steel showed corrosion penetration of 0.745 mipy in Fomtec and 2.269 mipy in Profoam, whereas for Al alloy the penetration levels were 0.474 and 1.093 mipy, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy allowed characterization of the metallic surface covered or free from corrosion products. Values of corrosion potential, corrosion current density and corrosion penetration were calculated by using potentiodynamic polarization curves. Electrochemical impedance spectra illustrated the change in polarization resistance during anodic polarization. Data obtained by accelerated electrochemical methods confirm the greater aggressiveness of the Profoam concentrate compared to Fomtec concentrate.The Refill Friction Stir Spot Welding (RFSSW) process-an alternative solid-state joining technology-has gained momentum in the last decade for the welding of aluminum and magnesium alloys. Previous studies have addressed the influence of the RFSSW process on the microstructural and mechanical properties of the AA6061-T6 alloy. However, there is a lack of knowledge on how the tool wear influences the welding mechanical behavior for this alloy. The present work intended to evaluate and understand the influence of RFSSW tool wear on the mechanical performance of AA6061-T6 welds. Firstly, the welding parameters were optimized through the Designing of Experiments (DoE), to maximize the obtained ultimate lap shear force (ULSF) response. Following the statistical analysis, an optimized condition was found that reached a ULSF of 8.45 ± 0.08 kN. EGFR activation Secondly, the optimized set of welding parameters were applied to evaluate the wear undergone by the tool. The loss of worn-out material was systematically investigated by digital microscopy and the assessment of tool weight loss. Tool-wear-related microstructural and local mechanical property changes were assessed and compared with the yielded ULSF, and showed a correlation. Further investigations demonstrated the influence of tool wear on the height of the hook, which was located at the interface between the welded plates and, consequently, its effects on the observed fracture mechanisms and ULSF. These results support the understanding of tool wear mechanisms and helped to evaluate the tool lifespan for the selected commercial RFSSW tool which is used for aluminum alloys.Ti-Al alloys have excellent high-temperature performance and are often used in the manufacture of high-pressure compressors and low-pressure turbine blades for military aircraft engines. However, solute segregation is easy to occur in the solidification process of Ti-Al alloys, which will affect their properties. In this study, we used the quantitative phase-field model developed by Karma to study the equiaxed dendrite growth of Ti-4.5% Al alloy. The effects of supersaturation, undercooling and thermal disturbance on the dendrite morphology and solute segregation were studied. The results showed that the increase of supersaturation and undercooling will promote the growth of secondary dendrite arms and aggravate the solute segregation. When the undercooling is large, the solute in the root of the primary dendrite arms is seriously enriched, and when the supersaturation is large, the time for the dendrite tips to reach a steady-state will be shortened. The thermal disturbance mainly affects the morphology and distribution of the secondary dendrite arms but has almost no effect on the steady-state of the primary dendrite tips. This is helpful to understand the cause of solute segregation in Ti-Al alloy theoretically.Observation of dynamic testing by means of X-ray computed tomography (CT) and in-situ loading devices has proven its importance in material analysis already, yielding detailed 3D information on the internal structure of the object of interest and its changes during the experiment. However, the acquisition of the tomographic projections is, in general, a time-consuming task. The standard method for such experiments is the time-lapse CT, where the loading is suspended for the CT scan. On the other hand, modern X-ray tubes and detectors allow for shorter exposure times with an acceptable image quality. Consequently, the experiment can be designed in a way so that the mechanical test is running continuously, as well as the rotational platform, and the radiographic projections are taken one after another in a fast, free-running mode. Performing this so-called on-the-fly CT, the time for the experiment can be reduced substantially, compared to the time-lapse CT. In this paper, the advanced pore morphology (APM) foam elements were used as the test objects for in-situ X-ray microtomography experiments, during which series of CT scans were acquired, each with the duration of 12 s. The contrast-to-noise ratio and the full-width-half-maximum parameters are used for the quality assessment of the resultant 3D models. A comparison to the 3D models obtained by time-lapse CT is provided.Modification of concrete with waste materials is an increasingly common process, and they are primarily used as a partial substitution for cement. In the case of inert or nearly inert additions according to EN 206, the effectiveness of such a modification mainly concerns ecological aspects and, only to a small extent, mechanical properties. This article analyses the effect of modifying cement concrete with waste limestone powder as a partial substitution for fine aggregate. The analysed waste arises as a result of the accumulation of dust produced during the initial preparation of aggregate for the production of hot mix asphalt (HMA). In order to analyse the effect of waste on compressive strength, an experimental design was prepared with variable substitution levels and variable water/cement ratios. Compressive strength tests were performed after 28 to 90 days. Statistical analysis of the results was performed. Microscopic evaluation of the fractures of the samples was carried out to clarify the mechanism of transition zone enhancement, which resulted in an increase of compressive strength of the composite.Tooth sensitivity is a painful and very common problem. Often stimulated by consuming hot, cold, sweet, or acidic foods, it is associated with exposed dentin microtubules that are open to dental pulp. One common treatment for tooth hypersensitivity is the application of occlusive particles to block dentin microtubules. The primary methodology currently used to test the penetration and occlusion of particles into dentin pores relies upon dentin discs cut from extracted bovine/human teeth. However, this method is limited due to low accessibility to the raw material. Thus, there is a need for an in vitro dentin model to characterize the effectiveness of occlusive agents. Three-dimensional printing technologies have emerged that make the printing of dentin-like structures possible. This study sought to develop and print a biomaterial ink that mimicked the natural composition and structure of dentin tubules. A formulation of type I collagen (Col), nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite (HAp), and alginate (Alg) was found to be suitable for the 3D printing of scaffolds.