Straarupgalbraith8104

The use of CAC as a metal-free bifunctional catalyst has an important implication in the PS activation for phenol degradation in groundwater.Although we are witnesses of an increase in the number of studies examining the exposure/effects of microplastics (MPs) on different organisms, there are many unknowns. This review aims to (i) analyze current studies devoted to investigating the exposure/effects of MPs on animals; (ii) provide some basic knowledge about different model organisms and experimental approaches used in studying MPs; and to (iii) convey directions for future studies. We have summarized data from 500 studies published from January 2011 to May 2020, about different aspects of model organisms (taxonomic group of organisms, type of ecosystem they inhabit, life-stage, sex, tissue and/or organ) and experimental design (laboratory/field, ingestion/bioaccumulation/effect). We also discuss and try to encourage investigation of some less studied organisms (terrestrial and freshwater species, among groups including Annelida, Nematoda, Echinodermata, Cnidaria, Rotifera, birds, amphibians, reptiles), and aspects of MP pollution (long-term field studies, comparative studies examining life stages, sexes, laboratory and field work). We hope that the information presented in this review will serve as a good starting point and will provide useful guidelines for researchers during the process of deciding on the model organism and study designs for investigating MPs.Biochar in soil is susceptible to natural aging along with soil minerals, which might alter its electrochemical properties and redox reactions with contaminants. In this study, soluble mineral salts (FeCl3, MnCl2, AlCl3, CaCl2) and clay mineral (kaolinite) were selected to investigate the impact of co-aging with soil minerals on the redox activity of peanut-shell biochar for Cr(VI) reduction. Natural aging for 3-month induced oxidation of biochar with the decrease of reducing moieties, i.e., ‒C‒OH from 26.8-43.7% to 18.4-24.1%. Co-aging with minerals except for Mn(II) further decreased the proportion of ‒C‒OH to 6.94-22.2% because of the interaction between mineral ions and biochar, resulting in the formation of mineral-biochar complex and new minerals, e.g. β-FeOOH. Due to its reductivity, Mn(II) presented the least decrease or even slight increase of ‒C‒OH while itself was oxidized to Mn(III) and Mn(IV). The decline of ‒C‒OH caused the decrease of Cr(VI) reduction rate constant from 2.18 to 2.47 × 10-2 h-1 for original biochars to 0.71-1.95 × 10-2 h-1 for aged ones, of which co-aging with Fe(III) showed the lowest reduction rate constant among all minerals. The electron mediating capacity of biochar also decreased after aging alone or co-aging with Al, Ca, and kaolinite, while co-aging with Fe(III) and Mn(II) facilitated the electron transfer process, increasing the rate constant by 219.3-1237% due to electron mediation through valence transformation of Fe(III)-Fe(II) and Mn(II)-Mn(III). Given the abundance of soil minerals, it was essential to consider this crucial factor for redox reactions when applying biochar for soil remediation.Ethiprole is effective against a wide range of insects and has been used throughout the world. In this work, the toxicity, bioaccumulation and elimination of ethiprole and its main metabolites (ethiprole sulfone (M1), ethiprole sulfide (M2), ethiprole amide (M3), ethiprole sulfone amide (M4) and desethylsulfinyl ethiprole (M5)) in zebrafish Danio rerio were investigated at enantiomeric level. Rac-ethiprole showed high toxicity (96 h LC50 = 708 μg L-1) and M2 was six times more toxic than ethiprole (111 μg L-1). Enantioselective toxicity was observed, with the S-ethiprole (924 μg L-1) being more toxic than R-ethiprole (2195 μg·L-1). Rac-ethiprole and M2 could induce oxidative stress in the liver of adult zebrafish and developmental toxicity in zebrafish embryos. Zebrafish were exposed to 100 μg L-1 rac-/R-/S-ethiprole and the bioaccumulation was monitored during a 21 d period followed by a 7 d metabolism. The bioconcentration factor (BCF) of rac-ethiprole was 17, and the half-lives of rac-ethiprole and metabolites varied between 0.44 and 2.99 d. R-ethiprole was preferentially accumulated and metabolized in zebrafish. Besides, the metabolic pathways of R- and S-ethiprole were found to be different. This study indicated assessment of metabolites and enantioselectivity should be taken into consideration in evaluating environmental risks of ethiprole.The aim of present study was to re-evaluate the impacts of elevated Fe(III) stress on anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) process. The results indicated that long-term low concentration Fe(III) (5 and 10 mg/L) exposure significantly improved the nitrogen removal efficiency of anammox process, while high concentration Fe(III) (50 and 100 mg/L) significantly deteriorated the reactor performance. Batch assays showed that the specific anammox activity, heme c content and hydrazine dehydrogenase activity were significantly increased and decreased under low and high concentration Fe(III) exposure, respectively, indicating an enhancement and inhibition of anammox activity. Cryptotanshinone in vivo Moreover, the presence of high concentration Fe(III) significantly shifted the anammox community structure. Ca. Brocadia was the predominant anammox genus, whose abundance decreased from 14.26% to 8.13% as Fe(III) concentration increased from 0 to 100 mg/L. In comparison, the abundance of denitrifiers progressively increased from 3.70% to 6.68% with increasing Fe(III) concentration. These suggested that different functional bacteria differed in their responses to Fe(III) stress. Furthermore, long-term Fe(III) exposure significantly up-regulated the abundances of genes associated with nitrogen metabolism and Fe(III) reduction. Overall, the obtained findings are expected to advances our understanding of the responses of anammox process to elevated Fe(III) stress.Zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8) nanoparticles have emerged as a promising platform for drug delivery and controlled release. Considering most ZIF-8 nanoparticle drug carriers are designed to be administered intravenously, and thus would directly contact vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) in many circumstances, the potential interactions of ZIF-8 nanoparticles with VSMCs require investigation. Here, the effects of low doses of ZIF-8 nanoparticles on VSMC morphology, actin organization, and contractility are investigated. Two nanoscale imaging tools, atomic force microscopy, and direct stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy, show that even at the concentrations (12.5 and 25 µg/ml) that were deemed "safe" by conventional biochemical cell assays (MTT and LDH assays), ZIF-8 nanoparticles can still cause changes in cell morphology and actin cytoskeleton organization at the cell apical and basal surfaces. These cytoskeletal structural changes impair the contractility function of VSMCs in response to Angiotensin II, a classic vasoconstrictor. Based on intracellular zinc and actin polymerization assays, we conclude that the increased intracellular Zn2+ concentration due to the uptake and dissociation of ZIF-8 nanoparticles could cause the actin cytoskeleton dis-organization, as the elevated Zn2+ directly disrupts the actin assembly process, leading to altered actin organization such as branches and networks. Since the VSMC phenotype change and loss of contractility are fundamental to the development of atherosclerosis and related cardiovascular diseases, it is worth noting that these low doses of ZIF-8 nanoparticles administered intravenously could still be a safety concern in terms of cardiovascular risks. Moving forward, it is imperative to re-consider the "safe" nanoparticle dosages determined by biochemical cell assays alone, and take into account the impact of these nanoparticles on the biophysical characteristics of VSMCs, including changes in the actin cytoskeleton and cell morphology.Integration of photovoltaic (PV) power generation and energy storage has been widely believed to be the ultimate solution for future energy demands. Herein, an ingenious method was reported to make full use of photovoltaic silicon cutting waste (SiCW) natural characters fabricating PSi@SiOx/Nano-Ag composite as anode material for high-performance lithium-ion batteries. The sheet-like structure with nano/micropores and native SiOx layer addressed the volume expansion issues of Si material. Ag nanoparticles greatly enhanced electrical conductivity of composite and promoted Li+/e- transport. Synergistic effect of the designed PSi@SiOx/Nano-Ag composite contributed outstanding cyclic performance with reversible capacity of 1409mAhg-1 after 500 cycles. Notably, full LIBs with PSi@SiOx/Nano-Ag anode and commercial Li[Ni0.6Co0.2Mn0.2]O2 (NCM622) cathode delivered stable capacity of 137.5mAhg-1 at current density of 200 mA g-1, accompanying with a high energy density of 438 Wh kg-1. Furthermore, electrochemical Li+ storage behavior of this PSi@SiOx/Nano-Ag electrode was studied, and reaction mechanism and crystal structure evolution during cycles were also revealed by in-situ XRD analysis. The synthesis method is facile and cost-effective, which paves a novel way towards high-performance Si-based anodes and promising markets for both solar photovoltaic and lithium-ion battery industries.The environmental spread of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) from the direct application of traditional biological treatment systems for antibiotics in water is a potential public health threat. UV photolysis has been proved to be an efficient pretreatment method for antibacterial activity elimination, but the fate of antibiotic resistome in subsequent bioreactors fed with pretreated florfenicol (FLO) in synthetic wastewater is still unknown. Antibacterial activity in synthetic wastewater was effectively eliminated by UV irradiation pretreatment, and the diversity and abundance of detected ARGs in both aerobic and anaerobic bioreactors were significantly lower than those without pretreatment. Meanwhile, UV irradiation pretreatment shaped the structure and composition of sludge microbial communities in the subsequent bioreactors closer to those of the FLO-free groups. The relative abundances of Pseudomonas and Escherichia-Shigella working as the potential hosts of ARGs were significantly reduced in aerobic and anaerobic bioreactors, respectively. The significantly positive correlation between floR and intI1 and the decrease of intI1 abundance in UV photolytic pretreatment groups indicated that the horizontal transfer of floR was decreased. The study provides new insights into the effect of preferential UV photolysis as a pretreatment method on the source control of antibiotic resistome in subsequent biological treatment process.

Following exposure to events that transgress moral beliefs and expectations rooted in cultural, organizational, and group-based ethical rules, veterans can experience psychological, social, and spiritual problems referred to as Moral Injury (MI). We examined patterns of exposure to potentially morally injurious events (PMIEs) among Israeli veterans as well as psychological and functional correlates of exposure.

A sample of 381 Israeli veterans volunteered to complete a cross-sectional electronic survey between 2017-2018. Latent Class Analysis (LCA) was used to identify classes characterized by unique patterns of exposure to PMIEs and compare differences in psychological and functional problems.

Three subgroups were identified Moral Injury (12.1 %), Betrayal-Only (20.8 %), and Minimal Exposure (67.1 %). Whereas those in the betrayal-only class reported more traditional posttraumatic symptoms and those in the moral injury class reported more moral injury symptoms (i.e., guilt-related cognitions), some psychological problems were shared by veterans assigned to the moral injury and betrayal-only classes (e.