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All these data are attributed to greater framework flexibility effects in ZIF-7-8 than ZIF-8. Such effects manifest themselves in a distortion and/or increase in the aperture size in the presence of large sorbates due to linker flexibility.Microfluidics-based reactors enables the controllable synthesis of micro-/nanostructures for a broad spectrum of applications from materials science, bioengineering to medicine. In this study, we first develop a facile and straightforward flow synthesis strategy to control zinc oxide (ZnO) of different shapes (sphere, ellipsoid, short rod, long rod, cube, urchin, and platelet) on a few seconds time scale, based on the 1.5-run spiral-shaped microfluidic reactor with a relative short microchannel length of ca. BIBO 3304 clinical trial 92 mm. The formation of ZnO is realized simply by mixing reactants through two inlet flows, one containing zinc nitrate and the other sodium hydroxide. The structures of ZnO are tuned by choosing appropriate flow rates and reactant concentrations of two inlet fluids. The formation mechanism behind microfluidics is proposed. The photocatalysis, cytotoxicity, and piezoelectric capabilities of as-synthesized ZnO from microreactors are further examined, and the structure-dependent efficacy is observed, where higher surface area ZnO structures generally behave better performance. These results bring new insights not only in the rational design of functional micro-/nanoparticles from microfluidics, but also for deeper understanding of the structure-efficacy relationship when translating micro-/nanomaterials into practical applications.Deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs) regulate the removal of the polyubiquitin chain from proteins targeted for degradation. Current approaches to quantify DUB activity are limited to test tube-based assays that incorporate enzymes or cell lysates, but not intact cells. The goal of this work was to develop a novel peptide-based biosensor of DUB activity that is cell permeable, protease-resilient, fluorescent, and specific to DUBs. The biosensor consists of an N-terminal β-hairpin motif that acts as both a 'protectide' to increase intracellular stability and a cell penetrating peptide (CPP) to facilitate the uptake into intact cells. The β-hairpin was conjugated to a C-terminal substrate consisting of the last four amino acids in ubiquitin (LRGG) to facilitate DUB mediated cleavage of a C-terminal fluorophore (AFC). The kinetics of the peptide reporter were characterized in cell lysates by dose response and inhibition enzymology studies. Inhibition studies with an established DUB inhibitor (PR-619) confirmed the specificity of both reporters to DUBs. Fluorometry and fluorescent microscopy experiments followed by mathematical modeling established the capability of the biosensor to measure DUB activity in intact cells while maintaining cellular integrity. The novel reporter introduced here is compatible with high-throughput single cell analysis platforms such as FACS and droplet microfluidics facilitating direct quantification of DUB activity in single intact cells with direct application in point-of-care cancer diagnostics and drug discovery.Dendritic cells (DCs) are increasingly important for research and clinical use but obtaining sufficient numbers of dendritic cells is a growing challenge. We systemically investigated the effect of monocyte (MO) seeding density on the generation of monocyte-derived immature DCs (iDCs) in MicroDEN, a perfusion-based culture system, as well as 6-well plates. Cell surface markers and the ability of the iDCs to induce proliferation of allogeneic T cells were examined. The data shows a strong relationship between iDC phenotype, specifically CD80/83/86 expression, and T cell proliferation. MicroDEN generated iDCs proved better than well plate generated iDCs at inducing T cell proliferation within the 200k-600k MO/cm2 seeding density range studied. We attribute this to perfusion in MicroDEN which supplies fresh differentiation medium continuously to the differentiating MOs while concurrently removing depleted medium and toxic byproducts of cellular respiration. MicroDEN generated fewer iDCs on a normalized basis than the well plates at lower MO seeding densities but generated equivalent numbers of iDCs at 600k MO seeding density. These results demonstrate that MicroDEN is capable of generating greater numbers of iDCs with less manual work than standard well plate culture and the MicroDEN generated iDCs have greater ability to induce T cell proliferation.Magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (MIONs) are among the first generation of nanomaterials that have advanced to clinic use. A broad range of biomedical techniques has been developed by combining the versatile nanomagnetism of MIONs with various forms of applied magnetic fields. MIONs can generate imaging contrast and provide mechanical/thermal energy in vivo in response to an external magnetic field, a special feature that distinguishes MIONs from other nanomaterials. These properties offer unique opportunities for nanomaterials engineering in biomedical research and clinical interventions. The past few decades have witnessed the evolution of the applications of MIONs from conventional drug delivery and hyperthermia to the regulation of molecular and cellular processes in the body. Here we review the most recent development in this field, including clinical studies of MIONs and the emerging techniques that may contribute to future innovation in medicine.The rapid development in materials science and engineering requests the manufacturing of materials in a more rational and designable manner. Beyond traditional manufacturing techniques, such as casting and coating, digital control of material morphology, composition, and structure represents a highly integrated and versatile approach. Digital manufacturing systems enable users to fabricate freeform materials, which lead to new functionalities and applications. Digital additive manufacturing (AM), which is a layer-by-layer fabrication approach to create three-dimensional (3D) products with complex geometries, is changing the way materials manufacturing is approached in traditional industry. More recently, digital printing of chemically synthesized colloidal nanoparticles has paved the way towards manufacturing a class of designer nanomaterials with properties precisely tailored by the nanoparticles and their interactions down to atomic scales. Despite the tremendous progress being made so far, multiple challenges have prevented the broader applications and impacts of the digital manufacturing technologies. This review features cutting-edge research in the development of some of the most advanced digital manufacturing methods. We focus on outlining major challenges in the field and providing our perspectives on the future research and development directions.We address the teleportation of single- and two-qubit quantum states, parametrized by weight θ and phase ϕ parameters, in the presence of the Unruh effect experienced by a mode of a free Dirac field. We investigate the effects of the partial measurement (PM) and partial measurement reversal (PMR) on the quantum resources and quantum Fisher information (QFI) of the teleported states. In particular, we discuss the optimal behaviour of the QFI, quantum coherence (QC) as well as fidelity with respect to the PM and PMR strength and examine the effect of the Unruh noise on optimal estimation. It is found that, in the single-qubit scenario, the PM (PMR) strength at which the optimal estimation of the phase parameter occurs is the same as the PM (PMR) strength with which the teleportation fidelity and the QC of the teleported single-qubit state reaches its maximum value. On the other hand, generalizing the results to two-qubit teleportation, we find that the encoded information in the weight parameter is better protected against the Unruh noise in two-qubit teleportation than in the one-qubit scenario. However, extraction of information encoded in the phase parameter is more efficient in single-qubit teleportation than in the two-qubit version.We propose two approaches of locally adaptive activation functions namely, layer-wise and neuron-wise locally adaptive activation functions, which improve the performance of deep and physics-informed neural networks. The local adaptation of activation function is achieved by introducing a scalable parameter in each layer (layer-wise) and for every neuron (neuron-wise) separately, and then optimizing it using a variant of stochastic gradient descent algorithm. In order to further increase the training speed, an activation slope-based slope recovery term is added in the loss function, which further accelerates convergence, thereby reducing the training cost. On the theoretical side, we prove that in the proposed method, the gradient descent algorithms are not attracted to sub-optimal critical points or local minima under practical conditions on the initialization and learning rate, and that the gradient dynamics of the proposed method is not achievable by base methods with any (adaptive) learning rates. We further show that the adaptive activation methods accelerate the convergence by implicitly multiplying conditioning matrices to the gradient of the base method without any explicit computation of the conditioning matrix and the matrix-vector product. The different adaptive activation functions are shown to induce different implicit conditioning matrices. Furthermore, the proposed methods with the slope recovery are shown to accelerate the training process.Theory and observation suggest that Earth and Earth-like planets can undergo runaway low-latitude glaciation when changes in solar heating or in the carbon cycle exceed a critical threshold. Here, we use a simple dynamical-system representation of the ice-albedo feedback and the carbonate-silicate cycle to show that glaciation is also triggered when solar heating changes faster than a critical rate. Such 'rate-induced glaciations' remain accessible far from the outer edge of the habitable zone, because the warm climate state retains long-term stability. In contrast, glaciations induced by changes in the carbon cycle require the warm climate state to become unstable, constraining the kinds of perturbations that could have caused global glaciation in Earth's past. We show that glaciations can occur when Earth's climate transitions between two warm stable states; this property of the Earth system could help explain why major events in the development of life have been accompanied by glaciations.We investigate the theoretical nonlinear response, Hessian stability, and possible wrinkling behaviour of a voltage-activated dielectric plate immersed in a tank filled with silicone oil. Fixed rigid electrodes are placed on the top and bottom of the tank, and an electric field is generated by a potential difference between the electrodes. We solve the associated incremental boundary value problem of superimposed, inhomogeneous small-amplitude wrinkles, signalling the onset of instability. We decouple the resulting bifurcation equation into symmetric and antisymmetric modes. For a neo-Hookean dielectric plate, we show that a potential difference between the electrodes can induce a thinning of the plate and thus an increase of its planar area, similar to the scenarios encountered when there is no silicone oil. However, we also find that, depending on the material and geometric parameters, an increasing applied voltage can also lead to a thickening of the plate, and thus a shrinking of its area. In that scenario, Hessian instability and wrinkling bifurcation may then occur spontaneously once some critical voltages are reached.