Hartleycarney5695

Background BT1718 is a novel bicyclic peptide anticancer drug targeting membrane type I matrix metalloproteinase to release its toxic payload DM1. A LC-MS/MS method was validated to quantify DM1 generated from BT1718 in a Phase I/IIa clinical trial. Materials & methods Plasma samples underwent a reduction reaction to artificially cleave BT1718 into DM1 and its bicycle components. An alkylation step was carried out to stabilize the reaction products, and plasma proteins extracted using acetonitrile. LC-MS/MS analysis utilized a C18 column and Agilent 6460 triple quadrupole mass spectrometer (Agilent, Cheshire, UK). Results The method was fully validated over a linear range of 200-50,000 ng/ml BT1718, with overall precision ≤10% and accuracy 89-102%. Conclusion A novel method for quantifying DM1 yielded from BT1718 has been validated and is now being utilized clinically.Trichoderma is a genus of filamentous fungi that play notable roles in stimulating plant growth after colonizing the root surface. However, the key proteins and molecular mechanisms governing this stimulation have not been completely elucidated. In this study, Trichoderma guizhouense NJAU 4742 was investigated in a hydroponic culture system after interacting with cucumber roots. The total proteins of the fungus were characterized, and the key metabolic pathways along with related genes were analyzed through proteomic and transcriptomic analyses. The roles played by the regulated proteins during the interaction between plants and NJAU 4742 were further examined. The intracellular/extracellular proteins from NJAU 4742 and extracellular proteins from the cucumbers were quantified, and the high-abundance proteins were determined which primarily involved in the shikimate pathway (tryptophan, tyrosine, and phenylalanine metabolism, auxin biosynthesis and secondary metabolite synthesis). Moreover, 15N-KNO3 labeling analysis indicated that NJAU 4742 had a strong ability to convert nitrogenous amino acids, nitrate, nitrile and amines into ammonia. The auxin synthesis and ammonification metabolism pathways of NJAU 4742 significantly contribute to plant growth. The results of this study demonstrated the crucial metabolic pathways involved in the interactions between Trichoderma and plants.Coleus forskohlii (Wild) Briq. is an aromatic plant in the Lamiaceae family cultivated primarily in India, Sri Lanka, Nepal and China (Yunnan Province). This herb is considered to have medicinal properties and the whole plant can be used to treat asthma, cancer and other diseases with remarkable efficacy. Due to the high medicinal and economic value of C. find more forskohlii, it has been introduced to Tongcheng (N29°18'12.24″, E113°53'59.36″), Hubei Province for cultivation. However, severe Fusarium wilt disease of C. forskohlii has been epidemic in Tongcheng since 2018 with a disease incidence of 5 to 30% in surveyed fields. This disease is characterized typically by root rot, vascular discoloration and leaf wilting of C. forskohlii (Fig 1), resulting in progressive plant death. Ten diseased plants were collected from the fields and the roots and stems were rinsed in 70% ethanol for 5 min and samples at the junction of disease and healthy tissues (0.5 × 0.5 cm2) were cutted and placed on potato dextrose agar (PDA) foR., et al. 2012. Mol. Plant. Pathol. 13 414. https//doi.org/10.1111/j.1364-3703.2011.00783.x. Geiser, D. M., et al. 2004. Eur. J. Plant Pathol. 110 473. https//doi.org/10.1023/BEJPP.0000032386.75915.a0. Leslie, J. F. and Summerell, B. A. 2006. The Fusarium Laboratory Manual. Blackwell Publishing, Oxford, U.K. Liu, Y. J., et al. 1999. Mol. Biol. Evol. 16 1799. https//doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a026092 Mahadevakumar, S. et al. 2018. Eur. J. Plant Pathol. 1511081. https//doi.org/10.1007/s10658-017-1415-2. Tamura, K., et al. 2013. Mol. Biol. Evol. 30 2725. https//doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msw054.Camelina sativa, an herbaceous annual plant in the family Brassicaceae, is especially well known for its oilseed crop that produce camelina oil (Hovsepyan et al. 2008). In April 2016, white blister rust disease on C. sativa were observed in a cultivated farmland with an incidence of about 60% in Xinyuan County (43°33'39.17"N, 83°14'54.04"E), Xinjiang, China. Symptoms appeared as light-yellow chlorotic spots on the upper surface of the leaves and white blister on the corresponding lower surface. Blister sori were white, oval to ellipsoidal, scattered or coalesce, and 1.8 to 4 mm in diameter. Two representative voucher specimens were deposited in the Mycological Herbarium of Tarim University (HMUT 2527 and HMUT 2528), Aral, China. Sporangiophores hyaline, clavate or cylindrical, straight to slightly curved, (23.7 to) 27.9 to 37.9 (to 42.1) (av. 31) × (7.9 to) 9.6 to 13.7 (to 15.1) (av. 11.4) μm (n = 30), thick-walled on their lower parts, bearing sporangia in chains. Primary sporangia were globose to subglobose non-inoculated plants were served as controls. Each plant was kept in a separate plastic humid chamber in a greenhouse with 25°C and 80% humidity for 15 days. Typical symptoms of white rust pustules developed on the inoculated plants were identical to that observed on the originally infected leaves. Control plants remained symptomless.. Based on morphological characteristics, molecular data, as well as pathogenicity tests, the pathogen on C. sativa was identified as Albugo koreana. A. koreana aslo is reported only on C. bursa-pastoris in Korea (Choi et al. 2007; Farr and Rossman 2020). To our knowledge, this is the first record of white rust disease caused by A. koreana on C. sativa, and the species is new to China. This report represents a new host plant association and a new geographical expansion for this species, presenting a potential threat to camelina production in northwest China.Lavender (Lavandula angustifolia Mill) is an ornamental plant and worldwidely grown for its aromatic and pharmacological qualities. In June 2020, the symptoms of blackleg disease on lavender plants were observed, with more than 50% incidence in Chaohu city (117°38'19.12″N, 31°47'18.94″W) of Anhui Province, China. The disease symptoms progressed from stem wilt and necrosis to prolonged necrosis and bending of leaves, and all infected lavender plants died eventually. Ten necrotic stem lesions werecollectedfrom ten independent plants for the isolation of pathogen. All samples were washed in 70% ethanol for 1 minute, rinsed twice in sterile distilled water and placed on water agar (WA) plates containing 30 mg/liter of kanamycin. All 16 fungal isolates were transferred onto potato dextrose agar (PDA) and incubated at 26°C for 5 days, and all fungal colonies were isolated consistently, which produced redish-gray mycelium at 26°C with a 12-h photoperiod on PDA media. They developed black pycnidia with abundant hyalid potted healthy L. angustifolia plants. The healthy plants were sprayed with sterilized water onto needling wounded stems served as negative control. Wilting and stem necrosis were observed 5 days afterinoculation and incubation in a growth chamber at 26°C, with a 12-h photoperiod. All fungal infected plants died after 10 days, while, the control plants remained healthy. The fungus was re-isolated from the lesions of the inoculated plants and verified. Based on morphological characteristics, sequence analysis and pathogenicity test, the pathogen was identified as E. sorghinum. The pathogen has been observed previously on many plants such as tea (Bao et al. 2019) and taro (Liu et al. 2018), in China. To our knowledge, this is the first report of E. sorghinum causing blackleg disease of lavender in China and worldwide.Mango (Mangifera indica L.) is one of the world's most significant economic fruit crops, and China is the second-largest producer of mango (Kuhn et al., 2017). Postharvest mango anthracnose is caused by Colletotrichum species and reduce the self-life of mature fruit (Wu et al., 2020). Colletotrichum species also cause postharvest anthracnose and fruit rot disease of Apple, Banana and Avocado (Khodadadi et al., 2020; Vieira et al., 2017; Sharma et al., 2017). In July 2019, mango fruits cv. 'Jin-Hwang' were observed at different fruit markets (39°48'42.1"N 116°20'17.0"E) of the Fengtai district, Beijing, China, exhibiting typical symptoms of anthracnose including brown to black lesions in different size (≤ 2 cm) with identified border on the mango fruit surface. Later, the lesions were coalesced and extensively cover the surface area of the fruit. The lesions were also restricted to peel the fruit and pathogen invaded in the fruit pulp. About 30% of mango fruits were affected by anthracnose disease. The marginspread on the fruit surface after 7 days post inoculation. The symptoms were similar to the symptoms on original fruit specimens. The re-isolated fungus was identified as C. alienum based on morphological and molecular analysis. Mango anthracnose disease caused by several Colletotrichum species has been reported previously on mango in China (Li et al., 2019). Liu et al. (2020) reported C. alienum as the causal organism of anthracnose disease on Aquilaria sinensis in China. C. alienum has been previously reported causing mango anthracnose disease in Mexico (Tovar-Pedraza et al., 2020) To our knowledge, this is the first report of C. alienum causing postharvest anthracnose of mango in China. The prevalence of C. alienum was 30% on mango fruit which reflects the importance of this pathogen as a potential problem of mango fruit in China.Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) is one of the top five cereal crops in the world, but the cultivation area in Korea is estimated to be about 3,000 ha (MIFFAF, 2012). In August 2014, anthracnose symptoms on sorghum leaves were observed in two fields in Yecheon (36.62°, 128.41°) and Youngwol (37.20°, 128.49°), South Korea. Symptoms on leaves were brownish red irregular lesions with yellow and tan borders. Some darkened conidiomata and setae were observed on the lesions of infected leaves. Approximately 20% of sorghum plants (cv. Hwanggeumchal) were affected in each field with an area of about 0.1 ha. Fragments of diseased infected leaves were surface sterilized with 1% NaOCl for 30sec. The pieces were placed on water agar and incubated at 25°C for 7days. Two isolates were obtained through single sporing and cultured on synthetic nutrient poor agar at 25°C for 14days. Conidia (n=30) of YN1458 isolate were falcate and measured 22.0 to 32.7 × 4.2 to 6.4 µm. Brown to black setae (n=20) had 1-3 septa, with tapserving morphological characteristics. So far, C. graminicola was known as the only causal agent pathogen of sorghum anthracnose in South Korea (KSPP, 2009). To our knowledge, this is the first report of C. sublineola causing anthracnose on sorghum in South Korea. Although sorghum is a small-scale crop in South Korea, it is necessary to study the biological and pathogenic characteristics of C. sublineola for effective control of sorghum anthracnose.In July 2019, leaf spot symptoms were observed on muskmelon (Cucumis melo L.) cv. Jackball-1 plants in an experimental field of 2.02 ha with a disease incidence of 30% (31°26'05.4"N 73°04'30.3"E) at the University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan. Early symptoms consisted of small, circular, brown, necrotic spots 1 to 2 mm in size covering 10 to 30% of the leaf blade, which gradually enlarged and developed concentric rings. To identify the causal agent of the disease, a total of 20 symptomatic leaves were collected. Small pieces removed from the margin between healthy and diseased tissues were surface disinfected in 70% ethanol for 2 min, rinsed three times with sterile distilled water, plated on Potato dextrose agar and incubated at 25 ± 2°C with a 12-h photoperiod. Morphological observations were made on 7-day-old single-spore cultures. The colonies initially appeared white and then turned olive-green. All 20 fungal isolates were characterized by small, short-beaked, multicellular conidia. The conidia were ellipsoidal or ovoid and measured 11.