Gravesallison6138

To investigate the role of cIAP2 in the malignant biological behaviours of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells and determine its mechanism of action.

cIAP2 protein expression was detected via immunohistochemistry (IHC) in 102 HCC specimens and 43 paracancerous liver tissues, and its relationship with clinicopathological features and patient prognosis was analysed. Then, short interfering RNA (siRNA) technology was used to knock down cIAP2 expression in BEL7402 and HepG2 cells. Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK8) and Transwell assays were used to determine cell proliferation and invasion after knockdown of cIAP2 expression. The relationship between cIAP2 and the NF-κB pathway was explored via western blotting (WB) and a dual luciferase reporter system. Finally, nude mouse models of liver cancer were established to detect the effect of cIAP2 on tumourigenicity and the proliferation activity of orthotopic HCC cells.

cIAP2 expression was significantly increased in HCC tissues and was correlated with intravascular thrombosis in HCC. High cIAP2 expression was correlated with poor patient prognosis. cIAP2 knockdown significantly reduced the proliferation and invasion of BEL7402 and HepG2 cells and the activity of the NF-κB pathway. Animal experiments showed that cIAP2 knockdown reduced the tumourigenicity of HepG2 cells in the liver of nude mice and the proliferation activity of the orthotopic HCC cells.

cIAP2 plays an important role in HCC proliferation and invasion and may exert its effects via the NF-κB signalling pathway.

cIAP2 plays an important role in HCC proliferation and invasion and may exert its effects via the NF-κB signalling pathway.

Macrophage is known to readily engulf any particulate material they encounter, including invading microbes and nano- or micro-particles. While recent studies show that some microparticles (MP) are immunogenic even without drug-cargo, the mechanism underlying this phenomenon is yet unclear. LY3522348 Phagocytosis induces NADPH oxidase-2 (NOX-2) mediated ROS generation that is reported to regulate antibacterial autophagy. We therefore, investigated the role of NOX-2 derived ROS in phagosomal maturation and autophagy induction in response to phagocytic uptake of two kinds of polymeric biodegradable and biocompatible microparticles yeast-derived β-glucan particles (YDGP) and poly-(D, L-Lactic Acid) microparticles (PMP).

J774A.1 macrophage wereas exposed to polymeric particles and the immune responses ROS, phagosomal maturation and autophagy induction, were examined by assays including NBT, DCFH-DA, NADPH-Oxidase activity, Lysotracker and Acridine Orange. Further, the LC3 and NOX-2 expression were validated by RT-PCR, ise drug delivery vehicles as potential 'value-added' autophagy-mediated therapeutics in future.

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) α, a key regulator of lipid metabolism, plays a role in maintaining the homeostasis of myocardial energy metabolism. Both hypoxia and obesity inhibit the expression of PPARα in the myocardium. In this study, we verified the inhibitory effects of hypoxia and obesity on PPARα and examined whether WY14643 (4-chloro-6-(2,3-xylidino)-2-pyrimidinylthioacetic acid), an agonist of PPARα, ameliorates myocardial mitochondrial dysfunction and protects cardiac function in obese rats under chronic persistent hypoxia.

Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into six groups a control group (normal chow diet, normal oxygen), a high-fat diet (HFD) group (normal oxygen), a chronic persistent hypoxia normal chow diet group, a chronic persistent hypoxia HFD group, a chronic persistent hypoxia HFD group with WY14643 treatment, and a chronic persistent hypoxia HFD group with vehicle treatment.

Hypoxia and obesity increased myocardial lipid accumulation, mitochondrial dysfuny regulating the PPARα pathway and shows potential as a therapeutic target for cardiovascular diseases associated with obesity and hypoxia.Acute renal injury (AKI) is a risk factor for the development of hypertension, which involves oxidative stress, changes in Na+ handling, and the intrarenal renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) as underlying mechanisms. We investigated in rats whether renal ischemia-reperfusion (IR) leads to changes in the proximal tubule ATP-dependent Na+ transport and the intrarenal content of RAAS components, as well as the role of NADPH oxidase. Rats weighing 300-350 g were submitted to AKI by bilateral IR (n = 25). After IR injury, the animals were followed up for 4 weeks. One part (n = 7) received daily treatment with the NADPH oxidase inhibitor apocynin (100 mg/kg, drinking water), while another part (n = 9) received apocynin 24 h before and after IR. One group was submitted to sham surgery (n = 8). Four weeks after IR, the rats presented elevated systolic blood pressure, as well as increased lipid peroxidation, NADPH oxidase activity, (Na++K+)ATPase activity, and upregulation of type 1 angiotensin II receptor in the renal cortex. On the other hand, there was a decrease in Na+-ATPase activity and downregulation of the isoforms 1 and 2 of the angiotensin-converting enzyme, type 2 angiotensin II receptor, and of the α and ε isoforms of protein kinase C. Most of these alterations was prevented by both apocynin treatment protocols. Thus, we conclude that AKI-induced by IR may induce changes in proximal tubule ATPases and RAAS components compatible with renal Na+ retention and hypertension. These data also indicate that the NADPH oxidase represents a key factor in the origin of these alterations.Lactulose is a common laxative and has been widely applied to clinical treatment for constipation. This study aimed to explore the improving effect of lactulose on constipation through the mediation of gut microbiota and intestinal metabolites. BALB/c mice with constipation induced by loperamide were orally treated with lactulose for four weeks. After the treatment, the constipation-related factors were determined. The effect of lactulose on the composition of gut microbiota was assessed by 16S rDNA gene sequencing. Gas chromatography or liquid chromatography-mass spectrometer (GC/LC-MS) analysis was used for the quantification of intestinal metabolites. The treatment of constipated mice with lactulose accelerated intestinal motility, suppressed inflammatory responses, protected gut barrier, and improved metabolisms of water and salt in the intestinal tract. These therapeutic effects were attributed to the reversed gut microbiota dysfunction, which conferred the benefit to the production of intestinal metabolites including bile acids, short-chain fatty acids, and tryptophan catabolites.