Ochoacheek5113

Phosphorus-carbon anode materials for alkali-metal ion storage in rechargeable batteries can simultaneously achieve high-energy density and fast charging. The P-C-bonded structure in the phosphorus-carbon materials has been observed and acknowledged to be a critical structural feature that renders improved cycling stability and rate performance. However, the underlying mechanisms, especially the role played by P-C bonds, remain elusive. By combining computational simulations and spectroscopic characterizations, we reveal that the stability of P-C bonds is critical to the electrochemical performance. selleck chemicals llc In the discharge process, P-P bonds are fragile, while the bonding state of the P-C bonds is almost unchanged since electrons were mainly received by the P atoms to form lone pairs. The preserved P-C clusters can effectively serve as a reunion center for the recovery of P-P bonds in the recharging process, leading to a moderate energy change and improved cycling reversibility and structural stability of the phosphorous for electrochemical energy storage.We evaluated the effect of four different waveform profiles (Square, Sine, Triangle, and asymmetric Sawtooth) on the accuracy of collision cross section (CCS) measurements using traveling wave ion mobility spectrometry (TWIMS) separations in structures for lossless ion manipulations (SLIM). The effects of the waveform profiles on the accuracy of the CCS measurements were evaluated for four classes of compounds (lipids, peptides, steroids, and nucleosides) at different TW speeds (126-206 m/s) and amplitudes (15-89 V). For the lipids and peptides, the TWIMS-based CCS (TWCCS) deviations from the corresponding drift-tube-based CCS (DTCCS) measurements were significantly lower in experiments conducted using the Sawtooth waveform compared to the square waveform. This observation can be rationalized by the lower maximum electric field experienced by ions with a Sawtooth waveform, as compared to the other waveforms, resulting in a lower probability for significant ion heating. We also observed that given approximately comparable resolution for all four waveforms, the Sawtooth waveform resulted in lower TWCCS error and a better agreement with DTCCS values than the Square waveform. In addition, for the steroids and nucleosides, an opposite TWCCS trend was observed, with higher errors with the Sawtooth waveform and lower with the Square waveform, suggesting that these molecules tend to become slightly more compact under ion heating conditions. Under optimum conditions, all TWCCS measurements on the SLIM platform were within 0.5% of those measured in the drift tube ion mobility spectrometry.To investigate possible biochemical abnormalities associated with celiac disease (CD) antibody positivity in a primary health care setting and thereby identify predictors that could potentially reduce diagnostic delay and underdiagnosis of CD. This observational cohort study included measurements of CD antibodies in the Copenhagen Primary Care Laboratory (CopLab) database from 2000 to 2015; CD antibody positivity was defined as tissue transglutaminase antibody IgA or IgG ≥ 7 kU/L and/or deamidated gliadin peptide antibody IgG ≥ 10 kU/L. Individuals with a prior diagnosis of CD were excluded. We examined differences between individuals with positive and negative CD antibody tests regarding the results of biochemical tests performed six months before and one month after the date of the CD antibody test. We identified 76,265 measurements of CD antibodies during 2000-2015, and 57,061 individuals met the inclusion criteria (706 antibody-positive and 56,355 antibody-negative). We found lower ferritin, hemoglobin, cobalamin and folic acid levels and higher levels of transferrin, ALAT (alanine transaminase), and alkaline phosphate among individuals with a positive CD antibody test. Furthermore, we illustrated more measurements below the sex-specific reference intervals for hemoglobin, mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), ferritin, cobalamin and folic acid among individuals with a positive CD antibody test. This study identified several biochemical abnormalities associated with CD antibody positivity among individuals referred to CD antibody testing. The pattern of abnormalities suggested that micronutrient deficiencies were prevalent among CD antibody-positive individuals, confirming malabsorption as a sign of CD. These findings illustrate the possibility of reducing diagnostic delay and underdiagnosis of CD.Pathogen adaptation to public health interventions such as vaccination may take tortuous routes and involve multiple mutations at different locations in the pathogen genome, acting on distinct phenotypic traits. Yet how these multi-locus adaptations jointly evolve is poorly understood. Here we consider the joint evolution of two adaptations pathogen escape from the vaccine-induced immune response and adjustments to pathogen virulence affecting transmission or clearance. We elucidate the role played by epistasis and recombination, with an emphasis on the different protective effects of vaccination. We show that vaccines blocking infection, reducing transmission and/or increasing clearance generate positive epistasis between the vaccine-escape and virulence alleles, favouring strains that carry both mutations, whereas vaccines reducing virulence mortality generate negative epistasis, favouring strains that carry either mutation but not both. High rates of recombination can affect these predictions. If epistasis is positive, frequent recombination can prevent the transient build-up of more virulent escape strains. If epistasis is negative, frequent recombination between loci can create an evolutionary bistability, favouring whichever adaptation is more accessible. Our work provides a timely alternative to the variant-centred perspective on pathogen adaptation and captures the effect of different types of vaccine on the interference between multiple adaptive mutations.

To understand the sex difference in age at adiposity rebound (AR), integrate the prevalence of early AR (EAR), and provide a quantitative association between early age at AR and overweight/obesity.

Literature review was conducted in different databases, including the Web of Science, PubMed, EMBASE, Wiley, Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure, and ScienceDirect databases up to August 2021. Studies that reported data related to AR were considered for inclusion. Pooled effect sizes and their respective 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using random effects models, depending on the size of heterogeneity. Heterogeneity was tested by using the I

statistics.

28 studies with a combined sample size of 106,397 people were included in the final meta-analysis. Girls had a significantly earlier age of AR than boys (mean difference = 3.38 months; 95% CI 2.14-4.63). The overall prevalence of EAR was 40% (95% CI 31% to 50%), and the prevalence in girls was 5% higher than that in boys based on the definition of age at AR < 5.0-5.1 years. The overall pooled prevalence of EAR showed an increasing trend by child's birth year [1934-1973] 29% (95% CI 22% to 37%), 1991-2001 35% (95% CI 26% to 44%), and 2002-2009 52% (95% CI 40-63%). Early age at AR (age at AR < 5.0-5.1 years) was associated with a significantly increased risk of overweight/obesity (OR = 5.07; 95% CI 3.60-7.12), overweight (OR = 3.10; 95% CI 1.69-5.70), and obesity (OR = 6.97; 95% CI 4.32-11.26) from the preschool period to adulthood.

The overall prevalence of EAR is increasing, and girls experience AR earlier than boys. The early age at AR in children may be an early and effective marker of obesity.

The overall prevalence of EAR is increasing, and girls experience AR earlier than boys. The early age at AR in children may be an early and effective marker of obesity.

To develop and validate an end-to-end region-based deep convolutional neural network (R-DCNN) to jointly segment the optic disc (OD) and optic cup (OC) in retinal fundus images for precise cup-to-disc ratio (CDR) measurement and glaucoma screening.

In total, 2440 retinal fundus images were retrospectively obtained from 2033 participants. An R-DCNN was presented for joint OD and OC segmentation, where the OD and OC segmentation problems were formulated into object detection problems. We compared R-DCNN's segmentation performance on our in-house dataset with that of four ophthalmologists while performing quantitative, qualitative and generalization analyses on the publicly available both DRISHIT-GS and RIM-ONE v3 datasets. The Dice similarity coefficient (DC), Jaccard coefficient (JC), overlapping error (E), sensitivity (SE), specificity (SP) and area under the curve (AUC) were measured.

On our in-house dataset, the proposed model achieved a 98.51% DC and a 97.07% JC for OD segmentation, and a 97.63% DC and a 95.39% JC for OC segmentation, achieving a performance level comparable to that of the ophthalmologists. On the DRISHTI-GS dataset, our approach achieved 97.23% and 94.17% results in DC and JC results for OD segmentation, respectively, while it achieved a 94.56% DC and an 89.92% JC for OC segmentation. Additionally, on the RIM-ONE v3 dataset, our model generated DC and JC values of 96.89% and 91.32% on the OD segmentation task, respectively, whereas the DC and JC values acquired for OC segmentation were 88.94% and 78.21%, respectively.

The proposed approach achieved very encouraging performance on the OD and OC segmentation tasks, as well as in glaucoma screening. It has the potential to serve as a useful tool for computer-assisted glaucoma screening.

The proposed approach achieved very encouraging performance on the OD and OC segmentation tasks, as well as in glaucoma screening. It has the potential to serve as a useful tool for computer-assisted glaucoma screening.When confronted with heat stress, plants depend on the timely activation of cellular defences to survive by perceiving the rising temperature. However, how plants sense heat at the whole-plant level has remained unanswered. Here we demonstrate that shoot apical nitric oxide (NO) bursting under heat stress as a signal triggers cellular heat responses at the whole-plant level on the basis of our studies mainly using live-imaging of transgenic plants harbouring pHsfA2LUC, micrografting, NO accumulation mutants and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis in Arabidopsis. Furthermore, we validate that S-nitrosylation of the trihelix transcription factor GT-1 by S-nitrosoglutathione promotes its binding to NO-responsive elements in the HsfA2 promoter and that loss of function of GT-1 disrupts the activation of HsfA2 and heat tolerance, revealing that GT-1 is the long-sought mediator linking signal perception to the activation of cellular heat responses. These findings uncover a heat-responsive mechanism that determines the timing and execution of cellular heat responses at the whole-plant level.Cycads represent one of the most ancient lineages of living seed plants. Identifying genomic features uniquely shared by cycads and other extant seed plants, but not non-seed-producing plants, may shed light on the origin of key innovations, as well as the early diversification of seed plants. Here, we report the 10.5-Gb reference genome of Cycas panzhihuaensis, complemented by the transcriptomes of 339 cycad species. Nuclear and plastid phylogenomic analyses strongly suggest that cycads and Ginkgo form a clade sister to all other living gymnosperms, in contrast to mitochondrial data, which place cycads alone in this position. We found evidence for an ancient whole-genome duplication in the common ancestor of extant gymnosperms. The Cycas genome contains four homologues of the fitD gene family that were likely acquired via horizontal gene transfer from fungi, and these genes confer herbivore resistance in cycads. The male-specific region of the Y chromosome of C. panzhihuaensis contains a MADS-box transcription factor expressed exclusively in male cones that is similar to a system reported in Ginkgo, suggesting that a sex determination mechanism controlled by MADS-box genes may have originated in the common ancestor of cycads and Ginkgo.