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Acrolein is a notorious aldehyde with hazardous impacts on humans. γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a functional amino acid present widely in foods. This study aimed at investigating the protective mechanism of GABA against acrolein. In simulated physiological and thermal processing models, GABA effectively scavenged acrolein by adduct formation. The cytotoxicity of the formed adduct was evaluated in human bronchial epithelial cell line HBE and normal colonic epithelial cell line NCM460. It tremendously decreased acrolein toxicity and exerted protective effects by ROS reduction. Apoptotic staining and signaling analysis showed that it also interfered with apoptosis via extrinsic and intrinsic pathways. Our findings provide the basic knowledge that GABA is an effective acrolein scavenger and it has potential detoxifying capacity for both exogenous and endogenous acrolein sourced cellular damage.Exploiting two-dimensional nanomaterials as photo-based theranostic agents is promising for the highly efficient ablation of deep-tissue-buried tumors. However, they are limited by their poor absorption in the second near-infrared-light (NIR-II) bio-window (1000-1300 nm) and intrinsic nonbiodegradability. Herein, defect-rich sulfur-doped Ni(OH)2 (S-Ni(OH)2) nanosheets decorated with bovine serum albumin (BSA) as a novel theranostic agent is developed, which can accomplish multimodal-imaging-guided photothermal ablation of mouse cancers in the NIR-II bio-window. Sulfur doping extends the absorption spectra of Ni(OH)2 nanosheets from the visible to NIR-II bio-window, affording highly efficient photothermal conversion (58.20% for 1064 nm), entailing it to become an excellent contrast agent for photoacoustic imaging. Further, because of their intrinsic paramagnetic property, they can be applied for magnetic resonance imaging. Owing to the abundant defective sites in S-Ni(OH)2 nanosheets, they exhibit response to the tumor microenvironment, resulting in effective biodegradation and excretion from the body. In vivo toxicity experiments indicated that S-Ni(OH)2-BSA NSs delivered no appreciable toxicity and good biocompatibility. This work provides an avenue for the rational design of effective theranostics agents.Carbon dioxide photoreduction currently suffers from low photoconversion efficiency and poor product selectivity. Ultrathin two-dimensional materials, which possess highly active sites with high density and high uniformity, can serve as ideal models to tailor three crucial parameters that determine the carbon dioxide photoconversion efficiency and product selectivity. In this review, we summarize the extended absorption spectrum range enabled by ultrathin two-dimensional semiconductors with defect levels and intermediate bands, as well as conductors with special partially occupied bands. Moreover, we overview the boosted carrier separation efficiency aroused by ultrathin two-dimensional semiconductors with defect states, surface polarization states and built-in electric fields. We also review the accelerated redox reaction kinetics induced by ultrathin two-dimensional semiconductors with in-plane heterostructures, isolated single atoms and abundant low-coordinated dual-metal sites. Finally, we end this review with an outlook on unsolved issues concerning highly selective and efficient photo-conversion of carbon dioxide into C2+ products by ultrathin two-dimensional materials with dual or multiple active sites.Background Large-scale school closures have been implemented worldwide to curb the spread of COVID-19. However, the impact of school closures and re-opening on epidemic dynamics remains unclear. Methods We simulated COVID-19 transmission dynamics using an individual-based stochastic model, incorporating social-contact data of school-aged children during shelter-in-place orders derived from Bay Area (California) household surveys. We simulated transmission under observed conditions and counterfactual intervention scenarios between March 17-June 1, and evaluated various fall 2020 K-12 reopening strategies. Findings Between March 17-June 1, assuming children less then 10 were half as susceptible to infection as older children and adults, we estimated school closures averted a similar number of infections (13,842 cases; 95% CI 6,290, 23,040) as workplace closures (15,813; 95% CI 9,963, 22,617) and social distancing measures (7,030; 95% CI 3,118, 11,676). School closure effects were driven by high school and middundue excess risk associated with school reopening. Policymakers must urgently enact policies that curb community transmission and implement within-school control measures to simultaneously address the tandem health crises posed by COVID-19 and adverse child health and development consequences of long-term school closures.There is an urgent need for an accurate antibody test for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). In this paper, we have developed 3 ELISA methods, trimer spike IgA, trimer spike IgG, and nucleocapsid IgG, for detecting anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. We evaluated their performance in comparison with four commercial ELISAs, EDI Novel Coronavirus COVID-19 ELISA IgG and IgM, Euroimmun Anti-SARS-CoV-2 ELISA IgG and IgA, and one lateral flow assay, DPP COVID-19 IgM/IgG System (Chembio). Both sensitivity and specificity were evaluated and the causes of false-positive reactions were determined. The assays were compared using 300 pre-epidemic samples and 100 PCR-confirmed COVID-19 samples. The sensitivities and specificities of the assays were as follows 90%/100% (in-house trimer spike IgA), 90%/99.3% (in-house trimer spike IgG), 89%/98.3% (in-house nucleocapsid IgG), 73.7%/100% (EDI nucleocapsid IgM), 84.5%/95.1% (EDI nucleocapsid IgG), 95%/93.7% (Euroimmun S1 IgA), 82.8%/99.7% (Euroimmun S1 IgG), 82.0%/91.7% (Chembio nucleocapsid IgM), 92%/93.3% (Chembio nucleocapsid IgG). The presumed causes of positive signals from pre-epidemic samples in commercial and in-house assays were mixed. In some cases, positivity varied with assay repetition. In other cases, reactivity was abrogated by competitive inhibition (spiking the sample with analyte prior to performing the assay). In other cases, reactivity was consistently detected but not abrogated by analyte spiking. Overall, there was wide variability in assay performance using our samples, with in-house tests exhibiting the highest combined sensitivity and specificity. The causes of false positivity in pre-epidemic samples may be due to plasma antibodies apparently reacting with the analyte, or spurious reactivity may be directed against non-specific components in the assay system. selleck chemical Identification of these targets will be essential to improving assay performance.