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Satellite observations show widespread increasing trends of leaf area index (LAI), known as the Earth greening. However, the biophysical impacts of this greening on land surface temperature (LST) remain unclear. Here, we quantify the biophysical impacts of Earth greening on LST from 2000 to 2014 and disentangle the contributions of different factors using a physically based attribution model. We find that 93% of the global vegetated area shows negative sensitivity of LST to LAI increase at the annual scale, especially for semiarid woody vegetation. Further considering the LAI trends (P ≤ 0.1), 30% of the global vegetated area is cooled by these trends and 5% is warmed. Aerodynamic resistance is the dominant factor in controlling Earth greening's biophysical impacts The increase in LAI produces a decrease in aerodynamic resistance, thereby favoring increased turbulent heat transfer between the land and the atmosphere, especially latent heat flux.Many plastic packaging materials manufactured today are composites made of distinct polymer layers (i.e., multilayer films). Billions of pounds of these multilayer films are produced annually, but manufacturing inefficiencies result in large, corresponding postindustrial waste streams. Although relatively clean (as opposed to municipal wastes) and of near-constant composition, no commercially practiced technologies exist to fully deconstruct postindustrial multilayer film wastes into pure, recyclable polymers. Here, we demonstrate a unique strategy we call solvent-targeted recovery and precipitation (STRAP) to deconstruct multilayer films into their constituent resins using a series of solvent washes that are guided by thermodynamic calculations of polymer solubility. We show that the STRAP process is able to separate three representative polymers (polyethylene, ethylene vinyl alcohol, and polyethylene terephthalate) from a commercially available multilayer film with nearly 100% material efficiency, affording recyclable resins that are cost-competitive with the corresponding virgin materials.

We sought to validate levels of CD8

tumor-infiltrating cells (TIC) expressing PD-1 but not TIM-3 and LAG-3 (IF biomarker; Pignon and colleagues, 2019) and to investigate human endogenous retroviruses (hERV) as predictors of response to anti-PD-1 in a randomized trial of nivolumab (nivo) versus everolimus (evero) in patients with metastatic clear cell renal cell carcinoma (mccRCC; CheckMate-025).

Tumor tissues (nivo

= 116, evero

= 107) were analyzed by multiparametric immunofluorescence (IF) and qRT-PCR. Genomic/transcriptomic analyses were performed in a subset of samples. Clinical endpoints included objective response rate (ORR), progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS), and durable response rate (DRR, defined as complete response or partial response with a PFS ≥ 12 months).

In the nivo (but not evero) arm, patients with high-IF biomarker density (24/116, 20.7%) had higher ORR (45.8% vs. 19.6%,

= 0.01) and DRR (33.3% vs. 14.1%,

= 0.03) and longer median PFS (9.6 vs. 3.7 months,

= 0.03) than patients with low-IF biomarker. By RNA sequencing, several inflammatory pathways (

< 0.1) and immune-related gene signature scores (

< 0.05) were enriched in the high-IF biomarker group. When combined with the IF biomarker, tumor cell (TC) PD-L1 expression (≥1%) further separated clinical outcomes in the nivo arm.

expression was associated with increased DRR and longer PFS in nivo-treated patients.

High levels of CD8

TIC expressing PD-1 but not TIM-3 and LAG-3 and

expression predicted response to nivo (but not to evero) in patients with mccRCC. Combination of the IF biomarker with TC PD-L1 improved its predictive value, confirming our previous findings.

High levels of CD8+ TIC expressing PD-1 but not TIM-3 and LAG-3 and ERVE-4 expression predicted response to nivo (but not to evero) in patients with mccRCC. Combination of the IF biomarker with TC PD-L1 improved its predictive value, confirming our previous findings.

The use of high-dose per fraction radiotherapy delivered as stereotactic body radiotherapy is a standard of care for prostate cancer. It is hypothesized that high-dose radiotherapy may enhance or suppress tumor-reactive immunity. The objective of this study was to assess both antitumor and immunosuppressive effects induced by high-dose radiotherapy in prostate cancer coclinical models, and ultimately, to test whether a combination of radiotherapy with targeted immunotherapy can enhance antitumor immunity.

We studied the effects of high-dose per fraction radiotherapy with and without anti-Gr-1 using syngeneic murine allograft prostate cancer models. The dynamic change of immune populations, including tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL), T regulatory cells (Treg), and myeloid-derived suppressive cells (MDSC), was evaluated using flow cytometry and IHC.

Coclinical prostate cancer models demonstrated that high-dose per fraction radiotherapy induced a rapid increase of tumor-infiltrating MDSCs and a subsequ efficacy of high-dose radiotherapy due to a compensatory Treg response, indicating blocking both MDSCs and Tregs might be necessary to enhance radiotherapy-induced antitumor immunity.

Talimogene laherparepvec (TVEC) is an oncolytic herpes simplex 1 virus approved for treatment of melanoma. We hypothesized intratumoral TVEC may enhance response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC). This article reports the results of a trial combining NAC with TVEC for triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC).

Patients with stage II-III TNBC enrolled in a 3+3 phase I trial (NCT02779855) of two TVEC dose levels [DL; DL 1 = 10

plaque-forming units (PFU) × 5 doses; DL 2 = 10

PFUs first dose, then 10

PFUs × 4 doses] on weeks 1, 4, 6, 8, and 10 plus weekly paclitaxel (80 mg/m

) for 12 weeks, followed by doxorubicin/cyclophosphamide (60/600 mg/m

) every 2 weeks for 8 weeks. Postoperative response assessment using residual cancer burden (RCB) was performed. Primary endpoints were safety and MTD. see more Secondary endpoints were RCB0 rate and immune correlates. Dose-limiting toxicity (DLT) rule was grade 3-5 adverse events due to TVEC during first 5 weeks.

Nine patients [DL 1 (

= 3); DL 2 (

= 6)] were enrolled. Six had stage II disease, and 3 had stage III (6 clinically N

).