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No patients experienced donor site deficits. Revisions after MFC reconstruction were dependent on individual aesthetics and involvement of neighboring tissue. All four patients continue to be followed with no current issues to the osseous component of the MFC flap.

Utilization of the MFC periosteal flap is a viable option in selected patients to salvage nonunion/resorption of mandible reconstruction and ORN of the mandible. Our experience found that the MFC is able to provide pain resolution and healing of intraoral soft tissue defects, and may halt the progression of ORN of the mandible.

Utilization of the MFC periosteal flap is a viable option in selected patients to salvage nonunion/resorption of mandible reconstruction and ORN of the mandible. Our experience found that the MFC is able to provide pain resolution and healing of intraoral soft tissue defects, and may halt the progression of ORN of the mandible.

The COVID-19 vaccine rollout has since been followed by a gradual resumption of elective surgery. Many individuals remain cautious about visiting a hospital or clinic to undergo surgery. As plastic surgeons are starting to resume elective surgery at this time, it is important to understand the perspectives of potential patients and the concerns they may have.

A survey was distributed to participants in the United States through Amazon's Mechanical Turk (mTurk) during March of 2021. Participants were surveyed regarding their views on the severity of COVID-19, vaccination status, and how much COVID-19 has affected their interest in undergoing surgery.

Thirty-nine percent of respondents were either no longer willing or less willing to undergo elective plastic surgery. Seventy-three percent of respondents felt comfortable going to an office for a consultation. With regards to feeling comfortable visiting a hospital, 43.4% reported they would feel safe, 36% felt they would feel safe only if they could be discharged on the same day, and 30.6% reported not feeling safe. Fifty-two percent of respondents reported feeling comfortable undergoing surgery now or within the next year. Respondents who do not think COVID-19 is still a major health issue were more likely to still want plastic surgery.

The results of this study highlight that the majority of patients, regardless of vaccination status, currently feel comfortable undergoing elective plastic surgery, particularly in an office setting. Plastic surgeons may expect to see a return in demand for elective procedures in the coming months.

The results of this study highlight that the majority of patients, regardless of vaccination status, currently feel comfortable undergoing elective plastic surgery, particularly in an office setting. Plastic surgeons may expect to see a return in demand for elective procedures in the coming months.

Targeted muscle reinnervation (TMR) has shown promise in reducing postsurgical limb pain in amputees. However, there has been little evidence on the increased risk of complications and cost as compared with traditional amputations. This study was designed to assess the rate of complications and healthcare costs between those treated with TMR and traditional amputations.

Patients undergoing amputation were selected from the PearlDiver Mariner dataset and categorized into one of two treatment groups depending on the use of TMR versus traditional amputation. Rates of postsurgical complications and overall healthcare costs were compared between the two groups, while controlling for differences in patient demographics and comorbidities.

One hundred sixteen TMR procedures and 76,412 traditional amputations were included in the study. The rate of complications did not differ between groups, with a complication rate of 77% in the TMR and 87% in the traditional amputation groups. Overall healthcare costs also diequent care. Further work is needed in large, randomized trials to examine these findings.

We previously reported that keloid nodules had such specific structures that higher expression of autophagy proteins and glycolytic markers was observed in the central zone fibroblasts than in marginal zone fibroblasts. The purpose of this study is to investigate how keloid nodules play a role in metabolic activity for continuous expansion.

A total of 57 nodules were randomly chosen from seven keloid samples and divided into four groups of disease duration (2, 4, 6, and 17 years). Immunohistochemical and immunofluorescent analyses were performed.

Immunohistochemical analysis with anti-CD-31 confirmed that the nodules had a structure with a greater number of vessels in the marginal zone than in the central zone. The density of fibroblasts in nodules (190.29 ± 64.45) was significantly higher than that of surrounding connective tissue (140.18 ± 63.94) (

< 0.05).The area of each nodule increased for 2 to 4 years, then decreased, graphically represented by an approximately horizontal line, to 17 years. The ratio of total nodule area/dermis area increased as disease duration lengthened. The maximum ratio was the 17-year group at 48.01%. The nodule number/dermis area ratio rose approximately with advancing disease duration.

Instead of increasing the size of the nodules, their number and total area increased within the keloid lesions. We believe that the keloid nodules must play an important role in energy metabolic activity for continuous growth by increasing in number and total area.

Instead of increasing the size of the nodules, their number and total area increased within the keloid lesions. We believe that the keloid nodules must play an important role in energy metabolic activity for continuous growth by increasing in number and total area.

Plastic surgeons regularly perform injections for both cosmetic and functional purposes. find more This article examines the most common injections utilized by plastic surgeons under Medicare and how their usage and billing has changed between 2012 and 2019.

Using the earliest and latest data available on the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services' Provider Utilization and Payment Data File, we first determined Healthcare Common Procedure Coding System injection codes most billed to Medicare in 2012 and 2019. The number of services, amount of Medicare beneficiaries, and reimbursement rates were collected and analyzed for each Healthcare Common Procedure Coding System code from the Provider Utilization and Payment Data File for years 2012 and 2019. We compared the change in reimbursement rate for each injection to the rate of inflation in US dollars over the same period.

The unadjusted Medicare reimbursement rate for eight included injection types increased an average of 31.63% during the study period. This was not significantly different from the rate of inflation during the same period (+11.33%,

= 0.311). When all Medicare reimbursement data were adjusted for inflation to 2019 dollars, the average percentage change in reimbursement for all included injections in this study increased by 17.58% from 2012 to 2019.

The findings from our study suggest that injections administered by plastic surgeons appear to be unique in their general stability in reimbursement rates as compared to rates in other fields. Further research should be performed to better understand the driving factors for usage and reimbursement changes.

The findings from our study suggest that injections administered by plastic surgeons appear to be unique in their general stability in reimbursement rates as compared to rates in other fields. Further research should be performed to better understand the driving factors for usage and reimbursement changes.A superficial inferior epigastric artery (SIEA) flap can be an alternative to a deep inferior epigastric artery perforator (DIEAP) flap in cases where SIEAs are relatively well developed. Although an SIEA flap is less invasive than a DIEAP flap, the pedicles of the former are anatomically shorter, making it more difficult to choose recipient vessels when bilateral SIEAs are necessary. A 45-year-old female diagnosed with cancer of the left breast underwent mastectomy (specimen weight 750 g) and immediate two-stage breast reconstruction using a free abdominal flap with bilateral pedicles was planned. Preoperative computed tomographic angiography showed that the bilateral DIEAPs in the flap were less than one millimeter in diameter, whereas the bilateral SIEAs were well developed enough for us to opt for a double-pedicled stacked SIEA flap. After the double-pedicled SIEA flap was elevated, folded, and temporarily placed in the subcutaneous pocket, the pedicle length on one side was found to be insufficient. Therefore, portions of the right composite deep inferior epigastric artery (DIEA) and vein (DIEV) grafts (roughly 7 cm) were collected from a short fasciotomy and anastomosed to the peripheral ends of the right SIEA and SIEV, respectively. Following this, the left SIEA and SIEV were antegradely anastomosed to the internal mammary artery and vein (IMA/IMV), while the DIEA/DIEV grafts were retrogradely anastomosed to the IMA/IMV, respectively. We recommend the proactive use of this method, as pedicle extension using the DIEA/DIEV grafts enables a higher degree of freedom in unilateral breast reconstruction using bilateral SIEA flaps.

The goal of this study was to assess whether adding a latissimus dorsi (LD) flap to a secondary implant-based reconstruction (IBR) improves outcomes following explantation of the primary device due to infection.

We conducted a retrospective study of patients who underwent a second IBR with or without the addition of an LD flap during 2006-2019, following explantation due to infection. Surgical outcomes were collected and compared between reconstruction types.

A total of 6093 IBRs were identified during the study period. Of these, 109 underwent a second attempt at breast reconstruction with IBR alone (n = 86, 79%) or IBR/LD (n = 23, 21%) following explantation of an infected device. Rates of secondary device explantation due to a complication were similar between the two groups (26% in the IBR/LD group and 21% in the IBR group;

= 0.60). Among the patients who underwent prior radiotherapy, the IBR/LD group had lower rates of any complication (38% versus 56%;

= 0.43), infection (25% versus 44%;

= success.

Hemifacial microsomia (HFM) is one of the most common congenital craniofacial disorders. Among many other features, microtia is present in the large majority of these patients. However, mainly due to the unilateral hypoplastic anatomy, microtia reconstruction among this patient population remains a reconstructive challenge for plastic surgeons. Given that no clear standards exist, an evidence-based synthesis of the literature was devised.

A systematic search of Pubmed, Medline, and Embase was carried out, in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines. Studies discussing surgical microtia reconstruction for HFM patients were retained. Qualitative data regarding study design, challenges addressed, specific recommendations, and their respective strengths/limitations were extracted from each. Retrieved recommendations were consolidated and assigned a level of evidence grade.

Although only 11 studies were included in this review, these provided 22 main recommendations regarding the eight HFM-specific challenges identified, which were of either grade C (n = 5) or D (n = 17).