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Oropharyngeal and esophageal dysphagia may occur simultaneously. However, symptoms are often evaluated separately. Few standardized, multi-texture esophageal screening protocols exist as an addition to the modified barium swallow study (MBSS). Given the gap in MBSS evaluation standards, providers may be lacking information needed to fully assess the swallowing process and create appropriate dysphagia management plans. The aim was to assess the diagnostic accuracy of a standardized esophageal screening protocol performed by an SLP compared to formal reference esophageal examinations. A cross-sectional analytic study was performed. Consecutively referred patients who underwent same-day consultation with the SLP and a gastroenterologist were included. MBSS with a standardized esophageal screen was performed. Same-day formal esophageal testing was completed and included timed barium emptying study or high-resolution manometry. Summary diagnostic accuracy measures were calculated. Seventy-three patients matched the inclusion criteria. Median age was 62.5 years (25-87), 55% were female. Sensitivity of the esophageal screen for the detection of esophageal abnormality was 83.7% (95% CI 70-91.9%); specificity was 73.7% (95% CI 55.6-85.8%). The positive likelihood ratio was 3.14 (95% CI 1.71-5.77), whereas the negative likelihood ratio was 0.22 (95% CI 0.11-0.45). Positive and negative predictive values were 82% and 76%, respectively. Use of a systematic, multi-texture esophageal screen protocol interpreted by SLPs accurately identifies multiphase dysphagia and should be considered in addition to standard MBSS testing. Inclusion of a cursory esophageal view may more adequately assess dysphagia symptoms and help to promote multidisciplinary care.Single water swallow (SWS) high-resolution manometry (HRM) may miss relevant esophageal motility disorders. Solid test meal (STM) during HRM and lately the functional lumen imaging probe (FLIP) have been shown to be of diagnostic value in the assessment of motility disorders. We aimed to assess the diagnostic yield of STM and FLIP in non-obstructive dysphagia (NOD). Patients assessed for dysphagia with both HRM and FLIP between April 2016 and August 2019 were analyzed for signs of non-obstructive EGJ outflow obstruction (EGJOO) according to Chicago Classification 3.0 (CCv3) and CC adapted for the use with solid swallows (CC-S), followed by an individual group-specific analysis. DNA Repair chemical Five subjects without dysphagia served as control group. Standard HRM- and FLIP-values as well as esophagograms and Eckardt Scores were analyzed. Forty-two patients were identified (male/female, 14/36, median age 62). Twenty-five (59.5%) were diagnosed with EGJOO during STM only (= SWS-negative patients; CC-S). The EGJ distensibility index (EGJ-DI) of symptomatic patients was significantly lower compared to the control group (p = 0.006). EGJ-DI was  less then  3mm2/mmHg in 67% and 88% of patients diagnosed according to CC-S and CCv3, respectively. The IRP during STM showed a significant association to the corresponding EGJ-DI values (p  less then  0.001). Seventy-six percent of patients received treatment because of additional STM evaluation with a favorable clinical response rate of 89%. STM and FLIP identify EGJOO in symptomatic patients with normal SWS during HRM. STM resembles an inexpensive and clinically meaningful option to diagnose motility disorders and helps to select patients for interventional treatment.Biofilm formation by five different Salmonella enterica strains was assessed qualitatively and quantitatively under different incubation conditions. The strains exhibited different adherence abilities to test tubes. The isolates revealed Red Dry and Rough (RDAR) and Brown Dry and Rough (BDAR) morphotypes when cultured on Congo Red Agar (CRA). The pellicles formed by the tested strains ranged from strong to fragile when incubated in LB without NaCl at 27 °C. Smooth and White (SAW) morphotype on CRA and very weak pellicles were observed when the bacterial strains were incubated at 37 °C. The effect of temperature and media on biofilm formation by the tested strains was significant. Among the five Salmonella isolates, S. enteritidis TM 6 and S. enteritidis TM 68 formed strong biofilms when incubated in LB without NaCl at 27 °C for 24 h and consequently selected to be analysed under scanning electron microscope (SEM). Scanning electron micrographs revealed that S. enteritidis TM 6 formed more complex colonies when compared to those formed by S. enteritidis TM 68. As far as we know, this is the first study that provides quantitative and qualitative data for 5 Salmonella enterica isolates in different media mimicking four different nutritional conditions at two different temperatures after 24 and 48 h. The strains included two serovars S. bredeney and S. anatum, which are rarely accounted for. Additionally, the studies that described S. enteritidis biofilms under SEM are extremely limited, which makes it among the first comprehensive studies that screened for S. enteritidis biofilms.

Behavioral therapy is the first-line treatment for overactive bladder (OAB); however, the cognitive components of behavioral therapy for OAB have not been evaluated. The purposes of this systematic review were to describe the cognitive components of behavioral therapy for OAB and evaluate their effectiveness as well as to describe their rationale and origins.

Searches were conducted on the PubMed, CINAHL, Web of Science, Cochrane and PEDro databases. Inclusion criteria were single-arm or randomized controlled trials on OAB treatment that utilized behavioral therapy, with a description of a cognitive component of the behavioral therapy. Study participants were neurologically intact adults (n = 1169). Study methodological quality was assessed with the PEDro and Newcastle-Ottawa scales.

Five studies were included, published between 2009 and 2020. Methodological quality was variable. All studies reported a reduction of symptoms in participants receiving behavioral therapy. Cognitive components of behavioral therapy were not extensively described. Distraction was the most common cognitive strategy for managing urgency. The relative impact of the cognitive aspect of behavioral therapy could not be evaluated, and the cognitive aspects of behavioral therapy appear to be accepted wisdom, traceable to several key authors, that has not been subjected to scientific investigation.

Behavioral therapy for OAB appears useful, but its cognitive components are not well described, their relative importance has not been evaluated or ascertained, nor have they been rigorously studied.

Behavioral therapy for OAB appears useful, but its cognitive components are not well described, their relative importance has not been evaluated or ascertained, nor have they been rigorously studied.