Ankersenlopez2798

Chemical controls for root-knot nematodes are increasingly restricted due to environmental and human health concerns. Host resistance to these nematodes is key to flue-cured tobacco production in Virginia. Resistance to Meloidogyne incognita races 1 and 3, and race 1 of M. arenaria is imparted by the gene Rk1, which is widely available in commercial flue-cured tobacco. Rk2 imparts increased resistance to M. javanica when stacked with Rk1 and is becoming commercially available. The efficacy of Rk2 against M. arenaria race 2, which is increasingly prevalent in Virginia, is unclear. Greenhouse trials were conducted in 2017 to determine how potential resistance derived from N. repanda compares to the root-knot nematode resistance afforded by Rk1 and Rk2. Trials were arranged in a completely randomized block design and included an entry with traits derived from N. repanda, a susceptible entry and entries possessing Rk1 and/or Rk2. Data collected after 60 days included percent root galling, egg mass counts, and egg counts. Root galling and reproduction were significantly lower on the entry possessing traits derived from N. repanda relative to other entries, suggesting that the N. repanda species may hold a novel source of root-knot nematode resistance for commercial flue-cured tobacco cultivars.Forgiveness may serve as an essential positive resource to help individuals cope emotionally with stressful events, ultimately influencing health. Examination of how individuals forgive within the context of close relationships can provide useful information about positive aging. In this study, we examine how the severity of a recent transgression committed by a spouse/partner or other close social relationship is associated with self-reported physical health among older adults. We also examine how state forgiveness (i.e., in context of a specific event) can offset the potentially negative impact of transgressions on health and further compare the impact when the transgressor is a spouse/partner versus another close social relationship. Data are from the Detroit Community Survey, a cross-sectional survey of social relations, forgiveness, humility, and health in the Detroit Metropolitan Area. Respondents age 50 and older were selected for analysis (N=380). Structural equation models indicated that greater tran facilitate positive aging.This paper presents a textile-based stretchable microstrip patch antenna with intrinsic strain for e-textiles with seamlessly integrated multifunctional devices. Several microstrip antennas have been developed with the patch alone (stretchable up to 40%) or both the patch and the ground plane (stretchable up to 100%) meshed by using rectangular serpentine units. The changes in the resonant frequency of the meshed antennas, as a result of stretching, have been exploited to demonstrate the intrinsic uniaxial strain sensing. The obtained results indicate that resonant frequency decreases linearly with increasing applied strain, suggesting that the designed antennas can also be used as strain sensors with stretchability up to 100% and a sensitivity of 0.25. The results were validated through full-wave electromagnetic simulations and a two-dimensional digital image correlation (DIC) technique to model the antenna deformations during the tensile tests. In terms of stretchability, the meshed textile patch antenna on a solid ground plane showed more than a 2-fold improvement compared to a meshed gold patch antenna, showing a linear frequency shift. As potential applications, we demonstrate the use of a highly deformable fully meshed textile antenna as a strain sensor capable of measuring joint angles of a human limb. To do that, a microwave readout circuit based on RF to DC rectifier was realized. The rectifier obtained a peak conversion efficiency of 71% at 10 dBm input power overload resistor of 3 kΩ.To produce next-generation, shelf-stable biosensors for point-of-care diagnostics, a combination of rugged biomolecular recognition elements, efficient encapsulants, and innocuous deposition approaches is needed. Furthermore, to ensure that the sensitivity and specificity that are inherent to biological recognition elements are maintained in solid-state biosensing systems, site-specific immobilization chemistries must be invoked such that the function of the biomolecule remains unperturbed. In this work, we present a widely applicable strategy to develop robust solid-state biosensors using emergent nanobody (Nb) recognition elements coupled with a vapor-deposited polymer encapsulation layer. As compared to conventional immunoglobulin G antibodies, Nbs are smaller (12-15 kDa as opposed to ~150 kDa), have higher thermal stability and pH tolerance, boast greater ease of recombinant production, and are capable of binding antigens with high affinity and specificity. Photoinitiated chemical vapor deposition affords thin, protective polymer barrier layers over immobilized Nb arrays that allow for retention of Nb activity and specificity after both storage under ambient conditions and complete desiccation. Most importantly, we also demonstrate that vapor-deposited polymer encapsulation of Nb arrays enables specific detection of target proteins in complex heterogeneous samples, such as unpurified cell lysate, which is otherwise challenging to achieve with bare Nb arrays.The temporal dynamics by which linguistic information becomes available is one of the key properties to understand how language is organized in the brain. An unresolved debate between different brain language models is whether words, the building blocks of language, are activated in a sequential or parallel manner. In this study, we approached this issue from a novel perspective by directly comparing the time course of word component activation in speech production versus perception. In an overt object naming task and a passive listening task, we analyzed with mixed linear models at the single-trial level the event-related brain potentials elicited by the same lexico-semantic and phonological word knowledge in the two language modalities. Results revealed that both word components manifested simultaneously as early as 75 ms after stimulus onset in production and perception; differences between the language modalities only became apparent after 300 ms of processing. The data provide evidence for ultra-rapid parallel dynamics of language processing and are interpreted within a neural assembly framework where words recruit the same integrated cell assemblies across production and perception. These word assemblies ignite early on in parallel and only later on reverberate in a behavior-specific manner.The shared representations account postulates that sharing another's pain recruits underlying brain functions also engaged during first-hand pain. Critically, direct causal evidence for this was mainly shown for affective pain processing, while the contribution of somatosensory processes to empathy remains controversial. This controversy may be explained, however, by experimental paradigms that did not direct attention towards a specific body part, or that did not employ naturalistic depictions of others' pain. In this preregistered functional magnetic resonance imaging study, we aimed to test whether causal manipulation of first-hand pain affects empathy for naturalistic depictions of pain in a somatosensory-matched manner. Forty-five participants underwent a placebo analgesia induction in their right hand and observed pictures of other people's right and left hands in pain. We found neither behavioral nor neural evidence for somatosensory-specific modulation of pain empathy. However, exploratory analyses revealed a general effect of the placebo on empathy, and higher brain activity in bilateral anterior insula when viewing others' right hands in pain (i.e., corresponding to one's own placebo hand). These results refine our knowledge regarding the neural mechanisms of pain empathy, and imply that the sharing of somatosensory representations seems to play less of a causal role than the one of affective representations.Resting state has been established as a classical paradigm of brain activity studies, mostly based on large-scale measurements such as functional magnetic resonance imaging or magneto- and electroencephalography. This term typically refers to a behavioral state characterized by the absence of any task or stimuli. The corresponding neuronal activity is often called idle or ongoing. Numerous modeling studies on spiking neural networks claim to mimic such idle states, but compare their results with task- or stimulus-driven experiments, or to results from experiments with anesthetized subjects. Both approaches might lead to misleading conclusions. To provide a proper basis for comparing physiological and simulated network dynamics, we characterize simultaneously recorded single neurons' spiking activity in monkey motor cortex at rest and show the differences from spontaneous and task- or stimulus-induced movement conditions. We also distinguish between rest with open eyes and sleepy rest with eyes closed. The resting state with open eyes shows a significantly higher dimensionality, reduced firing rates, and less balance between population level excitation and inhibition than behavior-related states.An event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging study examined how speakers inspect their own speech for errors. Concretely, we sought to assess 1) the role of the temporal cortex in monitoring speech errors, linked with comprehension-based monitoring; 2) the involvement of the cerebellum in internal and external monitoring, linked with forward modeling; and 3) the role of the medial frontal cortex for internal monitoring, linked with conflict-based monitoring. In a word production task priming speech errors, we observed enhanced involvement of the right posterior cerebellum for trials that were correct, but on which participants were more likely to make a word as compared with a nonword error (contrast of internal monitoring). Furthermore, comparing errors to correct utterances (contrast of external monitoring), we observed increased activation of the same cerebellar region, of the superior medial cerebellum, and of regions in temporal and medial frontal cortex. The presence of the cerebellum for both internal and external monitoring indicates the use of forward modeling across the planning and articulation of speech. Dissociations across internal and external monitoring in temporal and medial frontal cortex indicate that monitoring of overt errors is more reliant on vocal feedback control.Learning a musical instrument requires a long period of training and might induce structural and functional changes in the brain. Previous studies have shown brain plasticity resulting from training with a musical instrument. However, these studies did not distinguish the effects on brain plasticity of specific musical instruments as they examined the brain of musicians who had learned a single musical instrument/genre and did not control for confounding factors, such as common or interactive effects involved in music training. To address this research gap, the present work investigated musicians who had experience with both a piano and a wind instrument, for example, flute, trumpet, clarinet etc. MF-438 price By examining the difference between the 2 musical instruments in the same subject, we avoided the effects common to all musical instruments and the confounding factors. Therefore, we identified several high-tier brain areas displaying a brain plasticity specific to each musical instrument. Our findings show that learning a musical instrument might result in the development of high cognitive functions reflecting the skills/abilities unique to the instrument played.