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Bullying involvement is associated with suicidal ideation among adolescents, yet there are no studies examining this issue among younger children.

The School Children Mental Health in Europe study was conducted in seven countries in 2010 using similar methods to collect cross-sectional data from children, parents, and teachers. Suicidal ideation and thoughts of death were assessed using the Dominic Interactive among children. Parent and teacher reports were used to determine bullying involvement. The sample comprised n=5,183 children ages 6 to 11 identified as bullies (n=740, 14.3%), victims (n=945, 18.2%), bully-victims (n=984, 18.2%) and not involved in bullying (n=2,514, 48.5%). Multivariate logistic regressions were used to assess the association of bullying involvement with suicidal ideation and thoughts of death.

Suicidal ideation was reported by 13.3% of those not involved in bullying, 17.1% of victims, 19.6% of bullies and 24.4% of bully-victims. Similarly, thoughts of death were reported by 19.0% of victims, 24.3% of bullies, and 25.0% of bully-victims. Children identified as being involved were more likely than those not involved to report suicidal ideation in bivariate analyses. When controlling for psychopathology and for maternal distress among other factors, the association remained significant for bullies (AOR=1.30, 95%CI=1.01-1.66), bully-victims (AOR=1.54, 95%CI=1.22-1.94), but not for victims (AOR=1.02, 95%CI=0.80-1.30).

The study is cross-sectional. The assessment of bullying may have underestimated victimization.

The association of bullying involvement and child suicidal ideation is present among elementary school children across Europe, using multiple informants to avoid shared variance biases, and adjusting for key factors.

The association of bullying involvement and child suicidal ideation is present among elementary school children across Europe, using multiple informants to avoid shared variance biases, and adjusting for key factors.Dietary habits have drastically changed over the last decades in Western societies. The Western diet, rich in saturated fatty acids (SFA), trans fatty acids (TFA), omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-6 PUFA) and cholesterol, is accepted as an important factor in the development of metabolic disorders, such as obesity and diabetes type 2. Alongside these diseases, nutrition is associated with the prevalence of brain disorders. Although clinical and epidemiological studies revealed that metabolic diseases and brain disorders might be related, the underlying pathology is multifactorial, making it hard to determine causal links. Neuroinflammation can be a result of unhealthy diets that may cause alterations in peripheral metabolism. Especially, dietary fatty acids are of interest, as they act as signalling molecules responsible for inflammatory processes. Diets rich in n-6 PUFA, SFA and TFA increase neuroinflammation, whereas diets rich in monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), omega-3 (n-3) PUFA and sphingolipids (SL) can diminish neuroinflammation. Moreover, these pro- and anti-inflammatory diets might indirectly influence neuroinflammation via the adipose tissue, microbiome, intestine and vasculature. Here, we review the impact of nutrition on brain health. In particular, we will discuss the role of dietary lipids in signalling pathways directly applicable to inflammation and neuronal function.Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) gene polymorphisms may modulate neurotransmitter efficiency, thereby influencing motor performance and motor learning. However, studies to date have provided no consensus regarding the genetic influence of BDNF genotypes (i.e., Val/Val, Val/Met, or Met/Met type). This study aimed to investigate the effect of BDNF genotype on motor performance and motor learning in healthy human adults via a systematic review and meta-analysis. A total of 19 relevant studies were identified using PubMed and Web of Science search for articles published between 2000 and 2021 with motor performance or motor learning as the primary outcome measures. The results of our systematic review suggest that the BDNF genotype is unlikely to contribute to motor performance and motor learning abilities because only 2/32 datasets (6.3%) from 16 studies on motor performance and 3/19 datasets (17.6%) from 13 studies on motor learning indicated a significant genetic effect. Moreover, a meta-analysis of motor learning publications involving 17 datasets from 11 studies revealed that there was no significant difference in the learning score normalized using baseline data between Val/Val and Met carriers (Val/Met + Met/Met or Val/Met; standardized mean differences = 0.08, P = 0.37) with zero heterogeneity (I2 = 0) and a relatively low risk of publication bias. Taken together, the BDNF genotype may have only a minor impact on individual motor performance and motor learning abilities.

Candida auris has emerged as a health-care-associated and multidrug-resistant fungal pathogen of great clinical concern. As many as 50% of C.auris clinical isolates are reported to be resistant to amphotericin B, but no mechanisms contributing to this resistance have been identified. Here we describe a clinical case in which high-level amphotericin B resistance was acquired invivo during therapy and undertake molecular and genetic studies to identify and characterize the genetic determinant of resistance.

Whole-genome sequencing was performed on four C.auris isolates obtained from a single patient case. Cas9-mediated genetic manipulations were then used to generate mutant strains harbouring mutations of interest, and these strains were subsequently subjected to amphotericin B susceptibility testing and comprehensive sterol profiling.

A novel mutation in the C.auris sterol-methyltransferase gene ERG6 was found to be associated with amphotericin B resistance, and this mutation alone conferred a >32-fold increase in amphotericin B resistance. Comprehensive sterol profiling revealed an abrogation of ergosterol biosynthesis and a corresponding accumulation of cholesta-type sterols in isolates and strains harbouring the clinically derived ERG6 mutation.

Together these findings definitively demonstrate mutations in C.auris ERG6 as the first identified mechanism of clinical amphotericin B resistance in C.auris and represent a significant step forward in the understanding of antifungal resistance in this emerging public health threat.

Together these findings definitively demonstrate mutations in C. auris ERG6 as the first identified mechanism of clinical amphotericin B resistance in C. auris and represent a significant step forward in the understanding of antifungal resistance in this emerging public health threat.

The identification of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) antigen or RNA in respiratory specimens ≥14days after administration of all recommended doses of authorized coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines is defined as breakthrough infection. In the present investigation, mRNA and vector-based SARS-CoV-2 vaccines were analysed with respect to postvaccination infections in vaccinated hospital employees.

A total of 8553 staff members were vaccinated with BNT162b2 (47%) or ChAdOx1-S (53%) between January and May 2021. In a retrospective observational cohort study, incidence of SARS-CoV-2 postvaccination infections was analysed in relation to demographic data, viral load, virus variants, vaccine brand and vaccination status at time of positive PCR test (fully vaccinated ≥14days since second dose; partially vaccinated >21days since first, but <14days after second dose; insufficiently vaccinated <22days since first dose).

Within the follow-up period, ending on 31 July 2021, person-time at risk-adjusted monthly rates for SARS-CoV-2 postvaccination infections were 0.18% (BNT162b2) and 0.57% (ChAdOx1-S) for insufficiently vaccinated, 0.34% (BNT162b2) and 0.32% (ChAdOx1-S) for partially vaccinated and 0.06% (BNT162b2) and 0.04% (ChAdOx1-S) for fully vaccinated participants. The two vaccine types did not differ with respect to hazard ratios for any of the respective postvaccination infection types. No cases of COVID-19-related hospitalizations or deaths were reported. Genotyping of positive PCR specimens revealed 42 variants of concern B.1.1.7 (Alpha variant; n=34); B.1.351 (Beta variant; n=2), B.1.617.2 (Delta variant; n=6).

BNT162b2 and ChAdOx1-S are both effective in preventing breakthrough infections; however, it seems important, that all recommended vaccine doses are administered.

BNT162b2 and ChAdOx1-S are both effective in preventing breakthrough infections; however, it seems important, that all recommended vaccine doses are administered.Targeted induction of mitochondria impairment has emerged as a promising strategy for anti-metastasis therapy. However, problems such as limited mitochondria targeting efficiency, undesired drug leakage and insufficient drug release inside mitochondria remain crucial challenges for mitochondria-targeting therapy. Here, we constructed an N-(2-hydroxypropyl) methacrylamide (HPMA) polymer based cationic system that could target to mitochondria and facilitate on demand drug release in response to excessive mitochondrial reactive oxygen species. Whereas, this drug delivery system is still challenged by limitations of (1) in vivo application, and (2) inflammatory tumor microenvironment (TME). On one aspect, to prolong blood circulation and increase tumor targeting, we designed a nanocomposite (PDT-NCs) that assembled from the cationic HPMA polymer and anionic hyaluronic acid via electrostatic interaction. On another aspect, a celecoxib loaded liposome (Lip-Cel) was further fabricated to alleviate inflammation in TME by downregulating various metastasis-associated factors. Ultimately, PDT-NCs and Lip-Cel led to a drastic improvement in the suppression of primary tumor growth and distant lung metastasis. Our work provided a generalizable approach of mitochondria dysfunction and inflammation blockade to combat metastatic tumors.Nanoparticles hold great preclinical promise in cancer therapy but continue to suffer attrition through clinical trials. Advanced, three dimensional (3D) cellular models such as tumor spheroids can recapitulate elements of the tumor environment and are considered the superior model to evaluate nanoparticle designs. However, there is an important need to better understand nanoparticle penetration kinetics and determine how different cell characteristics may influence this nanoparticle uptake. read more A key challenge with current approaches for measuring nanoparticle accumulation in spheroids is that they are often static, losing spatial and temporal information which may be necessary for effective nanoparticle evaluation in 3D cell models. To overcome this challenge, we developed an analysis platform, termed the Determination of Nanoparticle Uptake in Tumor Spheroids (DONUTS), which retains spatial and temporal information during quantification, enabling evaluation of nanoparticle uptake in 3D tumor spheroids. Outperforming linear profiling methods, DONUTS was able to measure silica nanoparticle uptake to 10 μm accuracy in both isotropic and irregularly shaped cancer cell spheroids. This was then extended to determine penetration kinetics, first by a forward-in-time, center-in-space model, and then by mathematical modelling, which enabled the direct evaluation of nanoparticle penetration kinetics in different spheroid models. Nanoparticle uptake was shown to inversely relate to particle size and varied depending on the cell type, cell stiffness and density of the spheroid model. The automated analysis method we have developed can be applied to live spheroids in situ, for the advanced evaluation of nanoparticles as delivery agents in cancer therapy.