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2%). More than half disagreed (n=94, 52.9%) with the statement that there is ample time in the curriculum to prepare students for employment in a variety of oral healthcare settings. Respondents were equally divided concerning changing the accreditation standard for the entry-level to the baccalaureate degree but were in support of modifying the standard to require didactic educators to have a master's degree.Conclusion Dental hygiene program directors were divided regarding advancing accreditation standards to the baccalaureate degree for entry-level dental hygienists. Further research is needed to include dental hygiene educators' and leaders' perspectives to provide comparative information and a greater understanding regarding increasing accreditation standards. Copyright © 2020 The American Dental Hygienists’ Association.Purpose The purpose of this study was to understand the beliefs, experiences and practices regarding drinking water among the North Carolina (NC) Latino community, and to gather information on what would make effective messages to promote fluoridated community water (CW) consumption among Latino families.Methods Phone interviews were conducted with Latino stakeholders, consisting of parents of young children and key community informants (n=15). The interviews were audio-recorded, and transcripts were analyzed qualitatively using Atlas. ti.8 software.Results Major themes emerging from the interviews included poor characteristics of CW misconceptions and lack of knowledge about CW fluoridation and safety, ingrained culture/upbringing that devalued CW consumption, and reasons for consuming CW. Participants suggested that effective efforts to promote fluoridated CW consumption among the NC Latino community should be implemented in a variety of formats and involve a collaborative approach between Spanish-speaking health professionals and community workers.Conclusion Successful promotion of fluoridated CW consumption among NC Latino communities requires engagement of both health professionals and community stakeholders. Effective interventions aimed to promote fluoridated CW consumption need to be widespread, informative, persuasive, credible, culturally sensitive, and interactive. Copyright © 2020 The American Dental Hygienists’ Association.Purpose The purpose of this clinical study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a curved rubber bristle interdental cleaner, as compared to dental floss, in the reduction of gingivitis and plaque.Methods Gingival Index (GI), Bleeding on Probing (BOP), Periodontal Probing Depth (PPD) and Modified QH Plaque Index (MQH-PI) parameters were evaluated in an examiner-masked, parallel group, controlled clinical study. A total of 50 participants with gingivitis (no site with PPD >4 mm, BOP ≥10% but ≤50%) met the eligibility criteria. Participants were randomly assigned to either the curved rubber bristle interdental cleaner (cRBIC) group or the ADA-accepted dental floss (Floss) group. Participants used the devices for four weeks. Parameters were obtained at 2 and 4 weeks. Participants scored their level of product familiarity, satisfaction and motivation for interdental cleaning.Results There were no statistically significant differences between the two groups in changes from baseline to 2 or 4 weeks in GI, BOP%, and MQH-PI. However, cRBIC group showed greater reduction of PPD at 4 weeks from baseline, compared with Floss group (p less then 0.05). The cRBIC group showed overall better compliance level than Floss group. The mean score of "ease of use" of the cRBIC group was significantly greater than that of Floss group. However, Floss group showed higher levels of "satisfaction" than cRBIC group. Motivation for interdental cleaning was higher in cRBIC.Conclusion The cRBIC was similar to Floss in clinical effectiveness; however, PPD reduction at 4 weeks was greater with the cRBIC. Ease of use of cRBIC may have affected the participants' motivation for interdental cleaning, resulting in better compliance. Copyright © 2020 The American Dental Hygienists’ Association.Soil salinization is one of the major land degradation processes that decreases soil fertility and crop production worldwide. In this study, a long-term coastal saline soil remediation experiment was conducted with three salt-tolerant plant species Lycium chinense Mill. (LCM), Tamarix chinensis Lour. (TCL), and Gossypium hirsutum Linn. (GHL). The three plant species successfully remediated the saline soil but showed different efficacies. The archaeal, bacterial, and fungal communities in barren soil and in four rhizocompartments (distal-rhizosphere soil, proximal-rhizosphere soil, rhizoplane, and endosphere) of the three plant species were assessed. All three plant species significantly decreased the richness of the archaeal communities but increased that of the bacterial and fungal communities in both the rhizosphere and rhizoplane compared with those in the barren soil. The archaeal and bacterial community structures were strongly influenced by the rhizocompartment, while specific fungal communities were redifferent response patterns among bacterial, archaeal, and fungal communities and indicated that the decline in archaeal abundance might be a sign of successful remediation of coastal saline soils. The recruitment of specific fungal communities by different plant species indicated the importance of fungi in plant species-specific remediation functions. We also identified the taxa that may play key roles during remediation, and these taxa could potentially be used as indicators of phytoremediation. Overall, these findings highlight the importance of microbes in the phytoremediation of saline soil and suggest that the mechanisms involved are plant species specific. Copyright © 2020 Wang et al.Six Lactobacillus strains originating from the nasopharyngeal microbiota of cattle were previously characterized in vitro and identified as candidate bacterial therapeutics (BTs) for mitigating the bovine respiratory pathogen Mannheimia haemolytica In the present study, these BT strains were evaluated for their potential to (i) reduce nasal colonization by M. haemolytica, (ii) modulate the nasal microbiota, and (iii) stimulate an immune response in calves experimentally challenged with M. haemolytica. AZD9291 mouse Twenty-four Holstein bull calves (1 to 3 weeks old) received either an intranasal BT cocktail containing 6 Lactobacillus strains (3 × 109 CFU per strain; BT + Mh group) 24 h prior to intranasal M. haemolytica challenge (3 × 108 CFU) or no BTs prior to challenge (Mh, control group). Nasal swab, blood, and transtracheal aspiration samples were collected over the course of 16 days after BT inoculation. Counts of M. haemolytica were determined by culturing, and the nasal and tracheal microbiotas were evaluated using 16S rRNA gene sequencing.