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e., gradient and microarray) in the principle, preparation, screening for materiobiology, and combination with other advanced technologies. The Compendium for Biomaterial Transcriptomics and high content imaging, computational simulations, and their translation toward commercial and clinical uses are highlighted. In the final section, current challenges and future perspectives are discussed. High-throughput experimentation within the field of materiobiology enables the elucidation of the relationships between biomaterial properties and biological behavior and thereby serves as a potential tool for accelerating the development of high-performance biomaterials.Total synthesis has long been depicted as the quest to conquer the structures created by nature, requiring an unflinching, single-minded devotion to the task. The goal is achieved by chemists with grit, strength of will, and a competitive spirit. While there is some truth to this viewpoint, it does not fully capture the rich experiences gained in this research realm. In our lab, strategic planning, improvisation, and conversation have worked in concert to enable progress. This Account summarizes our efforts to synthesize four different bioactive targets merrilactone A, rocaglamide, phomactin A, and tetrapetalone A. Certain missteps were integral to success in these synthetic projects. As such, we include the hiccups, and their roles in the evolution of the strategies, along with the results that aligned with our expectations.Two of these projects (merrilactone A and rocaglamide) culminated in the total synthesis of the targets. The challenges presented by merrilactone A spawned a new design strategy for pentaogram for nearly two decades.The modulation of the interaction between macrophages and Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) through microRNA during M.tb infection is increasingly capturing the attention of researchers. However, the potential role of microRNA-18b-5p (miR-18b) is not elucidated yet. In this study, miR-18b was found to be downregulated in M.tb-infected macrophage cell lines (THP-1 and RAW264.7) in time- and dose-dependent manners. Furthermore, when the miR-18b mimic and inhibitor and small interfering RNA hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (si-HIF-1α) were transfected into the macrophages separately or in combination, it was found that miR-18b targeted hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α). During M.tb infection, the decrease in the expression of miR-18b facilitated HIF-1α expression, which led to the increased production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-6, resulting in decreased bacterial survival in the host cells. Moreover, the phosphorylation of p38 MAPK and NF-κB p65 was activated by the miR-18b inhibitor. Our findings expand the current understanding of the M.tb-cell interaction mechanism and provide a potential target to control M.tb infection.Sensors are becoming increasingly significant in our daily life because of the rapid development in electronic and information technologies, including Internet of Things, wearable electronics, home automation, intelligent industry, etc. There is no doubt that their performances are primarily determined by the sensing materials. Among all potential candidates, layered nanomaterials with two-dimensional (2D) planar structure have numerous superior properties to their bulk counterparts which are suitable for building various high-performance sensors. selleck compound As an emerging 2D material, MXenes possess several advantageous features of adjustable surface properties, tunable bandgap, and excellent mechanical strength, making them attractive in various applications. Herein, we particularly focus on the recent research progress in MXene-based sensors, discuss the merits of MXenes and their derivatives as sensing materials for collecting various signals, and try to elucidate the design principles and working mechanisms of the corresponding MXene-based sensors, including strain/stress sensors, gas sensors, electrochemical sensors, optical sensors, and humidity sensors. In the end, we analyze the main challenges and future outlook of MXene-based materials in sensor applications.An electrochemical sensing interface is limited by poor reproducibility and inevitable interferences present in practical applications due to the weak electrochemical signals of nanotags. This motivates the need for effective strategies to enhance the electroactivity performances of nanotags. In this contribution, a plasmon-enhanced electroactivity mechanism is proposed for AuRu-based nanostructures under illumination and applied for accurate detection of human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER2). AuRu nanoparticles (NPs) harvested light energy through plasmon excitation and generated holes to participate in the electrooxidation process. The production of holes resulted in the electrooxidation signal enhancement of AuRu NPs. AuRu NPs were assembled with Au NPs using HER2 aptamers as linkers, and the plasmonic coupling between AuRu NPs and Au NPs produced an intense electromagnetic field, which further enhanced the electrooxidation signals of AuRu NPs. An AuRu-Au NP assembly-dependent electrochemical aptasensor was established for the accurate detection of HER2, and the limit of detection (LOD) was as low as 1.7 pg/mL. The plasmon-enhanced electroactivity mechanism endowed AuRu-based nanostructures with strong and noninterfering electrochemical signals for sensitive and accurate detection. This insight opens new horizons for the construction of desired electroactive nanostructures for electroanalysis applications.This study describes a template-mediated self-assembly synthesis, full characterization, and structural features of two new silver-based bioactive coordination polymers (CPs) and their immobilization into acrylated epoxidized soybean oil (ESOA) biopolymer films for antimicrobial applications. The 3D silver(I) CPs [Ag4(μ8-H2pma)2] n ·4nH2O (1) and [Ag5(μ6-H0.5tma)2(H2O)4] n ·2nH2O (2) were generated from AgNO3 and pyromellitic (H4pma) or trimesic (H3tma) acid, also using N,N'-dimethylethanolamine (Hdmea) as a template. Both 1 and 2 feature the intricate 3D layer-pillared structures driven by distinct polycarboxylate blocks. Topological analysis revealed binodal nets with the flu and tcj/hc topology in 1 and 2, respectively. These CPs were used for fabricating new hybrid materials, namely, by doping the [ESOA] n biopolymer films with very low amounts of 1 and 2 (0.05, 0.1, and 0.5%). Their antimicrobial activity and ability to impair bacterial biofilm formation were investigated in detail against both Gram-positive (Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram-negative (Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli) bacteria. Both silver(I) CPs and derived biopolymer films showed activity against all the tested bacteria in a concentration-dependent manner. Compound 1 exhibited a more pronounced activity, especially in preventing biofilm growth, with mean bacterial load reductions ranging from 3.7 to 4.3 log against the four bacteria (99.99% bacterial eradication). The present work thus opens up antibiofilm applications of CP-doped biopolymers, providing new perspectives and very promising results for the design of functional biomaterials.The tobacco-specific nitrosamines N'-nitrosonornicotine (NNN) and 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) are considered to be two of the most important carcinogens in unburned tobacco and its smoke. They readily cause tumors in laboratory animals and are classified as "carcinogenic to humans" by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. DNA adduct formation by these two carcinogens is believed to play a critical role in tobacco carcinogenesis. link2 Among all the DNA adducts formed by NNN and NNK, 2'-deoxyadenosine (dAdo)-derived adducts have not been fully characterized. In the study reported here, we characterized the formation of N6-[4-(3-pyridyl)-4-oxo-1-butyl]-2'-deoxyadenosine (N6-POB-dAdo) and its reduced form N6-PHB-dAdo formed by NNN 2'-hydroxylation in rat liver and lung DNA. More importantly, we characterized a new dAdo adduct N6-[4-hydroxy-1-(pyridine-3-yl)butyl]-2'-deoxyadenosine (N6-HPB-dAdo) formed after NaBH3CN or NaBH4 reduction both in vitro in calf thymus DNA reacted with 5'- The identification of N6-HPB-dAdo in this study leads to new insights pertinent to the mechanism of carcinogenesis by NNN and to the development of biomarkers of NNN metabolic activation.Negative capacitance field-effect transistors (NC-FETs) have attracted wide interest as promising candidates for steep-slope devices, and sub-60 millivolts/decade (mV/decade) switching has been demonstrated in NC-FETs with various device structures and material systems. However, the detailed mechanisms of the observed steep-slope switching in some of these experiments are under intense debate. link3 Here we show that sub-60 mV/decade switching can be observed in a WS2 transistor with a metal-insulator-metal-insulator-semiconductor (MIMIS) structure without any ferroelectric component. This structure resembles an NC-FET with internal gate, except that the ferroelectric layer is replaced by a leaky dielectric layer. Through simulations of the charging dynamics during the device characterization using a resistor-capacitor network model, we show that the observed steep-slope switching in our "ferroelectric-free" transistors can be attributed to the internal gate voltage response to the chosen varying gate voltage scan rates. We further show that a constant gate voltage scan rate can also lead to transient sub-60 mV/decade switching in an MIMIS structure with voltage-dependent internal gate capacitance. Our results indicate that the observation of sub-60 mV/decade switching alone is not sufficient evidence for the successful demonstration of a true steep-slope switching device and that experimentalists need to critically assess their measurement setups to avoid measurement-related artifacts.The interaction of Eu(III) with thin sections of migmatized gneiss from the Bukov Underground Research Facility (URF), Czech Republic, was characterized by microfocus time-resolved laser-induced luminescence spectroscopy (μTRLFS) with a spatial resolution of ∼20 μm, well below typical grain sizes of the material. By this approach, sorption processes can be characterized on the molecular level while maintaining the relationship of the speciation with mineralogy and topography. The sample mineralogy was characterized by powder X-ray diffraction and Raman microscopy, and the sorption was independently quantified by autoradiography using 152Eu. Representative μTRLFS studies over large areas of multiple mm2 reveal that sorption on the heterogeneous material is not dominated by any of the typical major constituent minerals (quartz, feldspar, and mica). Instead, minor phases such as chlorite and prehnite control the Eu(III) distribution, despite their low contribution to the overall composition of the material, as well as common but less studied phases like Mg-hornblende. In particular, prehnite shows high a sorption uptake as well as strong binding of Eu to the mineral surface. Sorption on prehnite and hornblende happens at the expense of feldspar, which showed the highest sorption uptake in a previous spatially resolved study on granitic rock. Similarly, sorption on quartz is reduced, even though only low quantities of strongly bound Eu(III) were found here previously. Our results illustrate how competition of mineral surfaces for adsorbing cations drives the metal distribution in heterogeneous systems.