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6%) and Hong Kong (6.1%). MANOVA results showed that students studying in Hong Kong and overseas had more concerns related to preventive measures related to COVID-19 than their mainland counterparts did. We concluded that international students studying away from their home country would have higher risk to develop anxiety problems during a collective trauma such as the COVID-19 pandemic. Education institutions should provide support services including online support groups, social media groups for mutual support to alleviate the fear and anxiety of international students.

To evaluate the effect of visual pedagogy-guided toothbrushing training on oral hygiene, toothbrushing ability, and fine motor skills in individuals with intellectual disability (ID) and impaired fine motor skills.

This quasi-experimental study comprised 37 subjects aged 6-24 years. The plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), toothbrushing ability, and fine motor skills were evaluated before and after 3 and 6 months of individual visual pedagogy-guided toothbrushing training. Friedman's post hoc test and Spearman's correlation coefficient were used for statistical analyses.

The PI, GI, toothbrushing ability, and fine motor skills of the 23 subjects who remained in the study at the 6-month follow-up period significantly improved from those measured at baseline (p<0.05). A significant association was observed between the improvements in both toothbrushing ability and fine motor skills (p<0.05).

Visual pedagogy-guided toothbrushing training could improve the oral hygiene and toothbrushing ability of individuals with ID and impaired fine motor skills. Moreover, improvements in the toothbrushing ability could enhance the fine motor skills of these individuals.

Visual pedagogy-guided toothbrushing training could improve the oral hygiene and toothbrushing ability of individuals with ID and impaired fine motor skills. Moreover, improvements in the toothbrushing ability could enhance the fine motor skills of these individuals.HBV-pgRNA has been proposed for predicting the response of NAs treatment, guiding discontinuation of NAs therapy and monitoring the emergence of viral mutations. However, the contributions of HBV-pgRNA to HCC remain largely unknown. Double-center cohorts of serum samples with undetectable serum HBV-DNA (below the lower limit of detection) were obtained from long-term NAs-treated (at least 48 weeks) of HBV-related HCC patients. The correlation between serum pgRNA concentration and the prognosis of HCC were analyzed. The role pgRNA played in HCC development was assessed both in vitro and in vivo. Our findings revealed that for patients underwent long-term NAs therapy with undetectable serum HBV-DNA, patients with high serum pgRNA expression had poorer overall survival rate and higher cumulative recurrence rate after hepatectomy. Experiments demonstrated that pgRNA promotes proliferation, stemness and tumorigenicity of HCC cells. Mechanistically, we found that pgRNA could up-regulate the expression of IGF2BP3, a well-proved oncoprotein, at post-transcriptional level. Furthermore, IFN-α-2a could degrade the stability of pgRNA through increasing its m6A RNA modification. Collectively, our findings uncover that serum pgRNA could serve as a potential biomarker for predicting the prognosis and recurrence of HCC in patients who received long-term NAs therapy with undetectable serum HBV-DNA; And pgRNA-IGF2BP3 axis plays an important role in the development of HBV-related HCC. Moreover, IFN-α-2a could reduce the stability of pgRNA by increasing its m6A RNA modification level, thereby suppressing the development of HBV-related HCC. In conclusion Our studies reveal a significance and mechanism of HBV-pgRNA in increasing stemness features and offer a potential prognostic marker and a therapeutic target for HBV-related HCC.Addiction is a chronic relapsing disorder with devastating personal, societal, and economic consequences. In humans, early-life adversity (ELA) such as trauma, neglect, and resource scarcity are linked with increased risk of later-life addiction, but the brain mechanisms underlying this link are still poorly understood. Here, we focus on data from rodent models of ELA and addiction, in which causal effects of ELA on later-life responses to drugs and the neurodevelopmental mechanisms by which ELA increases vulnerability to addiction can be determined. We first summarize evidence for a link between ELA and addiction in humans, then describe how ELA is commonly modeled in rodents. Since addiction is a heterogeneous disease with many individually varying behavioral aspects that may be impacted by ELA, we next discuss common rodent assays of addiction-like behaviors. We then summarize the specific addiction-relevant behavioral phenotypes caused by ELA in male and female rodents and discuss some of the underlying changes in brain reward and stress circuits that are likely responsible. PLX8394 order By better understanding the behavioral and neural mechanisms by which ELA promotes addiction vulnerability, we hope to facilitate development of new approaches for preventing or treating addiction in those with a history of ELA.Outpatient care (e.g., individual, group, or self-help therapies) and day treatment programs (DTPs) are common and effective treatments for adults with eating disorders. Compared to outpatient care, DTPs have additional expenses and could have unintended iatrogenic effects (e.g., may create an overly protective environment that undermines self-efficacy). However, these potential downsides may be offset if DTPs are shown to have advantages over outpatient care. To explore this question, our team conducted a scoping review that aimed to synthesize the existing body of adult eating disorder literature (a) comparing outcomes for DTPs to outpatient care, and (b) examining the use of DTPs as a higher level of care in a stepped care model. Only four studies met the predefined search criteria. The limited results suggest that the treatments have similar effects and that outpatient care is more cost-effective. Furthermore, no studies explored the use of DTPs as a higher level of care in a stepped care model (despite international guidelines recommending this approach).