Martinezwebster9013

merica only two to three months after the first cases. This population-based seroepidemiological study thus provides evidence of a slower spread of SARS-CoV-2in the Ethiopian population during the first wave of the pandemic and does not appear to support the notion that lower case numbers were simply a reflection of limited testing and surveillance.

Schmidt Family Foundation, Joachim Hertz Foundation, Nespresso, Peet's and Smuckers.

Schmidt Family Foundation, Joachim Hertz Foundation, Nespresso, Peet's and Smuckers.

The locations of subsequent fractures after initial fracture in postmenopausal women are poorly characterized.

We conducted a prospective analysis of subsequent fractures after initial fracture in Women's Health Initiative (1993-2018) participants who provided follow-up (mean 15.4 years, SD 6.2 years) data (

=157,282 participants; baseline age 50-79; 47,458 participants with incident fracture). Cox proportional hazards models were adjusted for age, race/ethnicity, body mass index, and other covariates.

The risk of each type of subsequent fracture was increased after each type of initial fracture. Incident lower arm/wrist fracture was associated with significantly elevated risks of subsequent fractures at the upper arm/shoulder, upper leg, knee, lower leg/ankle, hip/pelvis, and spine (adjusted hazard ratios [aHRs] ranging 2·63-5·68). The risk of hip fracture was increased after initial lower arm or wrist fracture (aHR 4·80, 95% CI 4·29-5·36), initial upper arm or shoulder fracture (aHR 5·06, 95% CI 4·39-5·82), initial upper leg fracture (aHR 5·11, 95% CI 3·91-6·67), initial knee fracture (aHR 5·03, 95% CI 4·20-6·03), initial lower leg/ankle fracture (aHR 4·10, 95% CI 3·58-4·68), and initial spine fracture (aHR 6·69, 95% CI 5·95-7·53). Associations were significant in all age groups, even women aged 50-59 years. Risks of subsequent fracture were more pronounced among non-Hispanic Black, Hispanic/Latina, and Asian/Pacific Islander than among non-Hispanic White women.

Increased risk of subsequent fracture is observed for all fracture types across all ages. Women who experience any of these fractures should be targeted for interventions to prevent subsequent fractures.

National Institutes of Health HHSN268201600018C,HHSN268201600001C, HHSN268201600002C, HHSN268201600003C, and HHSN268201600004C.

National Institutes of Health HHSN268201600018C,HHSN268201600001C, HHSN268201600002C, HHSN268201600003C, and HHSN268201600004C.

Given the dynamism and heterogeneity of COVID-19 transmission patterns, determining the most effective yet timely strategies for specific regions remains a severe challenge for public health decision-makers.

In this work, we proposed a spatiotemporal connectivity analysis method for discovering transmission patterns across geographic locations and age-groups throughout different COVID-19 outbreak phases. First, we constructed the transmission networks of the confirmed cases during different phases by considering the spatiotemporal connectivity of any two cases. Then, for each case and thosecases immediately pointed from it, we characterized the corresponding cross-district/population transmission pattern by counting their district-to-district and age-to-age occurrences. By summating the cross-district/population transmission patterns of all cases during a given period, we obtained the aggregated cross-district and cross-population transmission patterns.

We conducted a region-wide comprehensive retrospecs public places and social activities, and thus had high chances of being infected by or infecting others.

General research fund of the Hong Kong research grants council.

General research fund of the Hong Kong research grants council.An order, family and genus are validated, seven new genera, 35 new species, two new combinations, two epitypes, two lectotypes, and 17 interesting new host and / or geographical records are introduced in this study. Validated order, family and genus Superstratomycetales and Superstratomycetaceae (based on Superstratomyces ). New genera Haudseptoria (based on Haudseptoria typhae); Hogelandia (based on Hogelandia lambearum); Neoscirrhia (based on Neoscirrhia osmundae); Nothoanungitopsis (based on Nothoanungitopsis urophyllae); Nothomicrosphaeropsis (based on Nothomicrosphaeropsis welwitschiae); Populomyces (based on Populomyces zwinianus); Pseudoacrospermum (based on Pseudoacrospermum goniomae). New species Apiospora sasae on dead culms of Sasa veitchii (Netherlands); Apiospora stipae on dead culms of Stipa gigantea (Spain); Bagadiella eucalyptorum on leaves of Eucalyptus sp. (Australia); Calonectria singaporensis from submerged leaf litter (Singapore); Castanediella neomalaysiana on leaves of Eucalyptus sp. (Mv A, Álvarez Duarte E, Berraf-Tebbal A, Bulgakov TS, Carnegie AJ, de Beer ZW, Decock C, Dijksterhuis J, Duong TA, Eichmeier A, Hien LT, Houbraken JAMP, Khanh TN, Liem NV, Lombard L, Lutzoni FM, Miadlikowska JM, Nel WJ, Pascoe IG, Roets F, Roux J, Samson RA, Shen M, Spetik M, Thangavel R, Thanh HM, Thao LD, van Nieuwenhuijzen EJ, Zhang JQ, Zhang Y, Zhao LL, Groenewald JZ (2021). New and Interesting Fungi. 4. Fungal Systematics and Evolution 7 255-343. doi 10.3114/fuse.2021.07.13.Four new Hydnellum species are described. Hydnellum roseoviolaceum sp. nov. grows in dry pine heaths on acidic, sandy soil. It is close to H. fuligineoviolaceum, another pine-associated species, but differs by smaller spores, an initially rose-coloured instead of violet flesh in fresh basidiomata and a mild taste. Hydnellum scabrosellum sp. nov. grows in coniferous forests on calcareous soil. It shares a general morphology with H. scabrosum, which also is its closest relative. It differs by having smaller and slenderer basidiomata and by the yellowish ochraceous colour of flesh and spines in dried specimens compared to the whitish or reddish brown colour seen in H. scabrosum. Hydnellum fagiscabrosum sp. nov. is another species with morphological and phylogenetic affinities to H. scabrosum. learn more However, it is associated with trees from Fagales whereas H. scabrosum is associated with Pinaceae. Hydnellum nemorosum sp. nov. is yet another species that associates with broadleaved trees. It seems to be a rare species, se.2021.07.12.The genus Sirolpidium (Sirolpidiaceae) of the Oomycota includes several species of holocarpic obligate aquatic parasites. link2 These organisms are widely occurring in marine and freshwater habitats, mostly infecting filamentous green algae. Presently, all species are only known from their morphology and descriptive life cycle traits. None of the seven species classified in Sirolpidium, including the type species, S. bryopsidis, has been rediscovered and studied for their molecular phylogeny, so far. Originally, the genus was established to accommodate all parasites of filamentous marine green algae. In the past few decades, however, Sirolpidium has undergone multiple taxonomic revisions and several species parasitic in other host groups were added to the genus. While the phylogeny of the marine rhodophyte- and phaeophyte-infecting genera Pontisma and Eurychasma, respectively, has only been resolved recently, the taxonomic placement of the chlorophyte-infecting genus Sirolpidium remained unresolved. In the present study, we report the phylogenetic placement of Sirolpidium bryopsidis infecting the filamentous marine green algae Capsosiphon fulvescens sampled from Skagaströnd in Northwest Iceland. Phylogenetic reconstructions revealed that S. bryopsidis is either conspecific or at least very closely related to the type species of Pontisma, Po. lagenidioides. Consequently, the type species of genus Sirolpidium, S. bryopsidis, is reclassified to Pontisma. Further infection trials are needed to determine if Po. bryopsidis and Po. lagenidioides are conspecific or closely related. In either case, the apparently recent host jump from red to green algae is remarkable, as it opens the possibility for radiation in a largely divergent eukaryotic lineage. Citation Buaya AT, Scholz B, Thines M (2021). Sirolpidium bryopsidis, a parasite of green algae, is probably conspecific with Pontisma lagenidioides, a parasite of red algae. Fungal Systematics and Evolution 7 223-231. doi 10.3114/fuse.2021.07.11.In the present study six species of Arthrinium (including a new taxon, Ar. crenatum) are described and subjected to phylogenetic analysis. The analysis of ITS and 28S rDNA, as well as sequences of tef1 and tub2 exons suggests that Arthrinium s. str. and Apiospora represent independent lineages within Apiosporaceae. Morphologically, Arthrinium and Apiospora do not seem to have clear diagnostic features, although species of Arthrinium often produce variously shaped conidia (navicular, fusoid, curved, polygonal, rounded), while most species of Apiospora have rounded (face view) / lenticular (side view) conidia. Ecologically, most sequenced collections of Arthrinium were found on Cyperaceae or Juncaceae in temperate, cold or alpine habitats, while those of Apiospora were collected mainly on Poaceae (but also many other plant host families) in a wide range of habitats, including tropical and subtropical regions. A lectotype for Sphaeria apiospora (syn. Ap. montagnei, type species of Apiospora) is selected among the original collections preserved at the PC fungarium, and the putative identity of this taxon, found on Poaceae in Mediterranean lowland habitats, is discussed. link3 Fifty-five species of Arthrinium are combined to Apiospora, and a key to species of Arthrinium s. str. is provided. Citation Pintos Á, Alvarado P (2021). Phylogenetic delimitation of Apiospora and Arthrinium. Fungal Systematics and Evolution 7 197-221. doi 10.3114/fuse.2021.07.10.The taxonomy of the genus Hormomyces, typified by Hormomyces aurantiacus, which based on circumstantial evidence was long assumed to be the hyphomycetous asexual morph of Tremella mesenterica (Tremellales, Tremellomycetes) or occasionally Dacrymyces (Dacrymycetales, Dacrymycetes), is revised. Phylogenies based on the three nuc rDNA markers [internal transcribed spacers (ITS), 28S large ribosomal subunit nrDNA (28S) and 18S small ribosomal subunit nrDNA (18S)], based on cultures from Canada and the United States, suggest that the genus is synonymous with Tulasnella (Cantharellales, Agaricomycetes) rather than Tremella or Dacrymyces. Morphological studies of 38 fungarium specimens of Hormomyces, including the type specimens of H. callorioides, H. fragiformis, H. paridiphilus and H. peniophorae and examination of the protologues of H. abieticola, H. aurantiacus and H. pezizoideus suggest that H. callorioides and H. fragiformis are conspecific with H. aurantiacus while the remaining species are unlikely to be related to Tulasnella. The conidial chains produced by H. aurantiacus are similar to monilioid cells of asexual morphs of Tulasnella species formerly referred to the genus Epulorhiza. The new combination Tulasnella aurantiaca is proposed and the species is redescribed, illustrated and compared with similar fungi. The ecological niche of T. aurantiaca and its possible relationship to orchid root endophytes is discussed. A key to asexual genera with similar conidium ontogeny to T. aurantiaca is provided. Citation Mack J, Assabgui RA, Seifert KA (2021). Taxonomy and phylogeny of the basidiomycetous hyphomycete genus Hormomyces. Fungal Systematics and Evolution 7 177-196. doi 10.3114/fuse.2021.07.09.