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Crohn's disease (CD) can affect any part of the gastrointestinal tract; however, the frequency of CD lesions differs by location. This work aimed to examine resection rates by location to clarify locational characteristics of the small intestine in surgical CD cases.

This was a single-centre retrospective case note review of patients who had undergone resection for CD affecting the small intestine between January 2014 and February 2020. Operative details, including length of the small intestine, location and extent of the resection, identified the pattern of disease. By normalizing these data the resection rate along the length of the intestine was calculated to create resection rate curves.

One hundred and twenty six surgical cases were identified. learn more The resection rate curves could be divided into two types exponential and bimodal. For primary surgery, this depended on whether or not surgery was limited to an ileocolic resection. At subsequent surgery, a previous ileocaecal resection influenced the pattern of disease. The peaks of the bimodal curve were located at the proximal and distal ileum.

CD patients requiring resection of the small intestine can be divided into terminal ileum type (exponential type) and proximal ileum type (bimodal type). In the future this analytical method may help predict the site of any recurrent disease but also provides a new perspective on the disease.

CD patients requiring resection of the small intestine can be divided into terminal ileum type (exponential type) and proximal ileum type (bimodal type). In the future this analytical method may help predict the site of any recurrent disease but also provides a new perspective on the disease.Butein is a flavonoid isolated from various medicinal plants. It is known to have different biological activities including anti-inflammation, anti-adipogenesis, and anti-angiogenesis. In the study, we demonstrated the anti-proliferative effect of butein in human osteosarcoma U-2 OS cells. Our data showed that butein significantly suppressed the viability and colony formation ability of U-2 OS cells. Further experiments revealed butein exposure resulted in a cell cycle arrest at S and G2/M phase in U-2 OS cells. Importantly, we found that butein activated the tumor suppressor p53, and trigged a p53-dependent senescence in U-2 OS cells. Knockdown of p53 suppressed the senescence and rescued the viability in butein-treated U-2 OS cells. Furthermore, we observed that butein exposure significantly enhanced reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in U-2 OS cells. Co-administration of the ROS inhibitor NAC largely abolished the up-regulated p53 protein level, and rescued the suppressed viability and colony formation ability in butein-exposed U-2 OS cells. Taken together, our data proposed the increased ROS by butein exposure activated p53, and the activated p53 was involved in the anti-proliferative effect of butein via inducing senescence in U-2 OS cells. This report suggests that butein is a promising candidate for cancer therapy against osteosarcoma.Identification and characterization of foreign bodies in the distal limb of horses poses a diagnostic challenge. The aims of this prospective experimental cadaver study were to describe the appearance of five foreign body materials within the equine hoof using CT, MRI, and digital radiography (DR) and to compare interrater agreement among three reviewers. Fifty foreign bodies consisting of five materials were implanted at a solar location or a coronary location in 25 equine cadaver feet. The images were reviewed by three equine veterinarians experienced in advanced imaging interpretation, who were blinded to the material of the foreign body. link2 Foreign bodies were graded on visibility and appearance. Sensitivity and specificity were calculated for accurate identification of the different materials. link3 Interrater agreement was assessed using Fleiss' kappa. Computed tomography had higher visibility score, sensitivity/specificity, and interrater agreement for detection of all materials; particularly slate, glass, and dry wood, compared to the other imaging modalities. Soaked wood and plastic had lower sensitivity (31-33%) on CT with a similar attenuation of the two materials. Foreign bodies were often visible on MRI, although with similar appearance and unclear details. On DR, only slate and glass were visible. The interrater agreement for identifying the correct material was almost perfect for slate, glass, and dry wood (κ = 0.92-1.00) and poor for plastic and soaked wood (κ less then 0.20) on CT. Interrater agreement was poor for all materials on MRI and DR (κ less then 0.20), with the except for fair (κ = 0.28) for slate on DR and moderate (κ = 0.28) for soaked wood on MRI.

Lead placement for deep brain stimulation (DBS) is routinely performed using neuroimaging or microelectrode recording (MER). Recent studies have demonstrated that DBS under general anesthesia using an imaging-guided target technique ("asleep" DBS) can be performed accurately and effectively with lower surgery complication rates than the MER-guided target method under local anesthesia ("awake" DBS). This suggests that asleep DBS may be a more acceptable method. However, there is limited direct evidence focused on isolated dystonia using this method. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the clinical outcomes and targeting accuracy in patients with dystonia who underwent asleep DBS.

We examined 56 patients (112 leads) with isolated dystonia who underwent asleep DBS targeting in the globus pallidus internus (GPi) and subthalamic nucleus (STN). The Burke-Fahn-Marsden Dystonia Rating Scale (BFMDRS) scores were assessed preoperatively and at 12-month follow-up (12 m-FU). The lead accuracy was evaluated by s with isolated dystonia regardless of the stimulation target.Artificial visual systems with image sensing and storage functions have considerable potential in the field of artificial intelligence. Light-stimulated synaptic devices can be applied for neuromorphic computing to build artificial visual systems. Here, optoelectronic synaptic transistors based on 5,15-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-10,20-(4-nitrophenyl)porphyrin (TPP) and dinaphtho[2,3-b2',3'-f ]thieno[3,2-b]thiophene (DNTT) are demonstrated. By utilizing stable TPP with high light absorption, the number of photogenerated carriers in the transport layer can be increased significantly. The devices exhibit high photosensitivity and tunable synaptic plasticity. The synaptic weight can be effectively modulated by the intensity, width, and wavelength of the light signals. Due to the high light absorption of TPP, an ultrasensitive artificial visual array based on these devices is developed, which can detect weak light signals as low as 1 µW cm-2 . Low-voltage operation is further demonstrated. Even with applied voltages as low as -70 µV, the devices can still show obvious responses, leading to an ultralow energy consumption of 1.4 fJ. The devices successfully demonstrate image sensing and storage functions, which can accurately identify visual information. In addition, the devices can preprocess information and achieve noise reduction. The excellent synaptic behavior of the TPP-based electronics suggests their good potential in the development of new intelligent visual systems.Judgment bias tasks can reveal changes in affect in animals as a function of environmental manipulations such as provision of enrichment. We assessed affect in an American black bear across seasonal changes in availability of a mulberry bush. We used a novel judgment bias task in which the background color of a touchscreen signaled whether the left or right positioned stimulus was correct. The bear learned the conditional rule in which the correct action for the white background (choose left) resulted in three pieces of food and the correct action for the black background (choose right) resulted in one piece of food. On probe trials involving intermediate gray backgrounds, left side responses indicated optimism and right side responses indicated pessimism. Tests took place at the beginning, middle, and end of mulberry season and again nearing the end of the summer and early fall before hibernation. The bear showed the most optimistic responses during the phase involving increased opportunities for foraging on mulberry. A follow-up experiment confirmed that the bear preferred three food items over one food item, suggesting the quantity-based discrimination was in fact salient to this bear. This is the first evidence for conditional discrimination learning in a black bear, validating the task to assess changes in affect.

There is a broad range of evidence on optimism dampening the pain experience, as assessed by subjective self-report. Facial expression of pain conveys supplementary information about the pain experience, is an integral part of pain communication and assists psychosocial pain coping. Nevertheless, the effect of induced optimism on facial activity during pain has to our knowledge not been examined.

In our experiment, 40 healthy participants underwent two blocks of thermal stimulation containing phasic non-painful and painful stimuli. Between the two blocks, the Best Possible Self imagery and writing task was performed to induce situational optimism, while a control group wrote about their typical day. Facial activity and self-report ratings of intensity and unpleasantness were recorded. Facial activity was analysed using the Facial Action Coding System.

The optimism manipulation was successful in increasing state optimism. It did not affect self-report ratings, but resulted in a stronger facial expression of pain, caused especially by increases in Action Units 4 (furrowed brows) and 6_7 (narrowed eyes).

All Action Units, which were affected by the optimism induction, are known to be prevalent during pain stimulation. The increase in facial expression might reflect reduced inhibition of pain communication in temporarily optimistic participants. Optimism might lead to expecting positive and helpful reactions from others and, by that, to great readiness to elicit these reactions by non-verbal social behaviour.

This study is the first to indicate that state optimism increases the facial expression of pain as a social signal for help and empathy without concomitant changes in the subjective pain experience.

This study is the first to indicate that state optimism increases the facial expression of pain as a social signal for help and empathy without concomitant changes in the subjective pain experience.Anticoagulation is central to the management of thrombotic antiphospholipid syndrome (APS). The standard anticoagulant treatment for thrombotic APS is life-long warfarin or an alternative vitamin K antagonist. The role of direct oral anticoagulants for thrombotic APS is not established due to the lack of definitive evidence and has recently been addressed in international guidance. Other anticoagulant options include low molecular weight heparin, unfractionated heparin, and fondaparinux. In APS patients, lupus anticoagulant can affect phospholipid-dependent coagulation monitoring tests, so that they may not reflect true anticoagulation intensity. Accurate assessment of anticoagulation intensity is essential, to optimize anticoagulant dosing and facilitate thrombus resolution; minimize the risk of recurrent thrombosis or bleeding; inform assessment of whether recurrent thrombosis is related to breakthrough thrombosis while on therapeutic anticoagulation, subtherapeutic anticoagulation, non-adherence, or spurious results; and guide the management of bleeding.