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Performed according to the protocols of the manufacturers to detect IgG or total antibodies to SARS-CoV-2, the sensitivity of each EIA ranged from 76.4% to 93.9%, and the specificity of each EIA ranged from 87.0% to 99.6%. Using a nAb titer cutoff value of ≥160 as the reference representing a positive test result (n = 140 CCP donors), the empirical area under the receiver operating curve for each EIA ranged from 0.66 (Roche) to 0.90 (Euroimmun). Commercial EIAs with high diagnostic accuracy to detect SARS-CoV-2 antibodies did not necessarily have high diagnostic accuracy to detect high nAb titers. Some but not all commercial EIAs may be useful in the identification of individuals with high nAb titers among convalescent individuals.Helicobacter pylori causes one of the most common chronic bacterial infections. Clinical manifestations include asymptomatic chronic gastritis, gastric and duodenal ulcers, adenocarcinoma, and gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma in adults. In children, most H pylori infections are asymptomatic despite being associated with microscopic gastric inflammation, and children rarely develop complications associated with infection. Due to rising resistance and lack of symptomatic improvement in the absence of peptic ulcer disease, testing and eradication therapy are recommended only for the subset of patients in whom there is a high suspicion of peptic ulcer disease. Studies do not support the role of H pylori infection in functional disorders such as recurrent abdominal pain. A variety of diagnostic modalities exist; therefore, it is important to understand the appropriate approach to diagnosing H pylori infection. The joint European Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition/North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition guidelines were updated in 2016. Antibiotic and proton pump inhibitor weight-based dosing guidelines have changed to prevent ineffective treatment from increasing antimicrobial resistance. Treatment can also be guided by antibiotic sensitivities obtained from H pylori culture. Patients should be tested again after treatment to confirm eradication.Back pain has long been considered an uncommon complaint in the pediatric population. When present, teaching had been that pediatric back pain almost always has a diagnosable cause, many of which are progressive and potentially debilitating. Recent evidence has suggested that pediatric back pain is not only more common than once thought but also, within certain populations, benign and idiopathic. This, in turn, places an increasing amount of pressure on pediatricians to accurately assess and manage their patients presenting with complaints of back pain. learn more The aim of this article is to serve as a review of the current literature on pediatric back pain. The article reviews the epidemiology, basic anatomy, and important elements of a history and examination, which should be considered when a child presents complaining of back pain. Last, a common differential diagnosis with evaluation and management is also given to help guide pediatricians through their medical decision making.Despite the continuous deployment of new treatment strategies and agents over many decades, most disseminated cancers remain fatal. Cancer cells, through their access to the vast information of the human genome, have a remarkable capacity to deploy adaptive strategies for even the most effective treatments. We note there are two critical steps in the clinical manifestation of treatment resistance. The first, which is widely investigated, requires molecular machinery necessary to eliminate the cytotoxic effect of the treatment. However, the emergence of a resistant phenotype is not in itself clinically significant. That is, resistant cells affect patient outcomes only when they succeed in the second step of resistance by proliferating into a sufficiently large population to allow tumor progression and treatment failure. Importantly, proliferation of the resistant phenotype is by no means certain and, in fact, depends on complex Darwinian dynamics governed by the costs and benefits of the resistance mechanisms in the context of the local environment and competing populations. Attempts to target the molecular machinery of resistance have had little clinical success largely because of the diversity within the human genome-therapeutic interruption of one mechanism simply results in its replacement by an alternative. Here we explore evolutionarily informed strategies (adaptive, double-bind, and extinction therapies) for overcoming treatment resistance that seek to understand and exploit the critical evolutionary dynamics that govern proliferation of the resistant phenotypes. In general, this approach has demonstrated that, while emergence of resistance mechanisms in cancer cells to every current therapy is inevitable, proliferation of the resistant phenotypes is not and can be delayed and even prevented with sufficient understanding of the underlying eco-evolutionary dynamics.Medical informed choice is essential for a physician meeting their fiduciary duty when proposing medical and surgical actions, and necessary for a patient to consent or cull the outlined therapeutic approaches. Informed choice, as part of a shared decision-making model, allows widespread give-and-take of ideas between the patient and physician. This sharing of ideas results in a partnership for decision-making and a responsibility for medical and surgical outcomes.Informed choice is indispensible to the patient education process that meets the desired outcome of any covenant-an offer of and acceptance of the proposed treatment. The covenant anchors a true patient-physician partnership with parity and equality in decision-making and medical/surgical outcomes.Medical informed choice flows from ethical and legal principles necessary to meet the acknowledged standard of care. This is codified by statute and fortified in general common law. This espouses a fiduciary relationship where the patient and physician understand and accede to the degree of autonomy the patient requests.The growth of an equal patient-physician relationship requires time. There is no alternative to the time variable when developing a physician-patient relationship. Despite physicians being under pressures to perform more clinical and administrative duties in less time in the corporate model of medicine, time remains the most critical variable when considering informed choice and shared decision-making. Videos, pamphlets and alternate healthcare providers cannot and should not substitute for physician time.