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They were asked about their comfort navigating various patient management scenarios, using communication tools, and assuming clinical responsibilities. OUTCOMES DHSI offers MS1s a unique immersive opportunity to gain experience applying the clinical skills they will need in their future careers. Based on comparisons of responses from the 48 students (89%) who completed the pre-DHSI survey and 40 students (74%) who completed the post-DHSI survey, there was a significant increase in comfort with communication and patient advising, managing common chronic diseases, using interview skills, and assuming clinical responsibilities. NEXT STEPS DHSI continues to expand in both size and scope, with the goal of incorporating team members from other health professions training programs at multiple institutions. Future analysis will investigate the longer-term impact of the program on students' professional development, objective changes in clinical skills, and outcomes for patients involved with DHSI.PURPOSE Resident-sensitive quality measures (RSQMs) are quality measures that are likely performed by an individual resident and are important to care quality for a given illness of interest. This study sought to explore how individual clinical competency committee (CCC) members interpret, use, and prioritize RSQMs alongside traditional assessment data when making a summative entrustment decision. FTY-720 in vitro METHOD In this constructivist grounded theory study, 19 members of the pediatric residency CCC at Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center were purposively and theoretically sampled between February and July 2019. Participants were provided a deidentified resident assessment portfolio with traditional assessment data (milestone and/or entrustable professional activity ratings as well as narrative comments from 5 rotations) and RSQM performance data for 3 acute, common diagnoses in the pediatric emergency department (asthma, bronchiolitis, and closed head injury from the emergency medicine rotation). Data colleca helpful to varying degrees, supporting the inclusion of RSQMs as resident assessment data for CCC review.Occupational distress among clinicians and its impact on quality of care is a major threat to the health care delivery system. To address threats to clinician well-being, many institutions have introduced a new senior leadership position-the health care chief wellness officer (CWO). This role is distinct from CWOs or other wellness leadership positions that have historically existed outside of medicine. The health care CWO role was established to reduce widespread occupational distress in clinicians by improving the work environment rather than by promoting health behaviors to reduce health insurance costs. A complex array of system-level drivers has contributed to clinician distress. link2 Developing and overseeing the execution of a strategy to address these challenges and working in partnership with other operational leaders to improve well-being require a correctly placed senior leader with the appropriate authority and resources, such as a CWO.Health care CWOs must focus primarily on improving their organizations' work environment and culture, not on developing individual-level interventions, such as personal resilience, mindfulness, and self-care offerings. link3 The goal of this work is to address what is wrong with the practice environment, not to make individuals better able to tolerate a broken system. Metrics to evaluate organizational progress as well as the efficacy of the health care CWO and his or her team are discussed in this Perspective. Occupational distress in clinicians is widespread and has implications for quality of care. Vanguard organizations have begun to put into place the leaders, infrastructure, and improvement teams necessary to address this issue. The health care CWO plays a critical role in the effectiveness of these efforts.PROBLEM Health professionals need to learn how to relate to one another to ensure high-quality patient care and to create collaborative and supportive teams in the clinical environment. One method for addressing both of these goals is teaching empathy during professional training to foster connection and commonality across differences. The authors describe a pilot improvisational theater (improv) course and present the preliminary outcomes showing its impact on interprofessional empathy. APPROACH In 2016-2017 the authors piloted a 15-hour course to teach interprofessional empathy to health professions students at the University of Wisconsin-Madison using improv techniques. The authors used a convergent mixed-methods design to evaluate the course's impact on interprofessional empathy. Students enrolled in the course (intervention group, n = 45) and a comparison group (n = 41) completed 2 validated empathy questionnaires (Interpersonal Reactivity Index [IRI], Consultative and Relational Empathy [CARE] measure) .Clinical teachers are continuously entrusting trainees with care responsibilities in health care settings. Entrustable professional activities employ entrustment decision making as an approach to assessment in the workplace.Various scales have been created to measure 'entrustment,' all basically expressing the level or type of supervision a trainee requires for safe and high-quality care. However, some of these scales are only weakly related to the purpose of making decisions about the autonomy trainees will be granted. The authors aim to increase understanding about the nature, purpose, and practice of supervision scales aimed at entrustment.First, the distinction between ad hoc entrustment decisions (daily decisions in health care settings) and summative entrustment decisions (with a certifying nature) is clarified. Next, the non-continuous nature of entrustment-supervision (ES) scales, as opposed to most workplace-based assessment scales, is explained. ES scales have ordinal, rather than interval, properties and focus on discrete decisions. Finally, some scales are retrospective ("how much supervision was provided?"), and others are prospective ("how much supervision will be needed in the near future?"). Although retrospective scales reflect observed behavior, prospective scales truly focus on entrustment and ask for more holistic judgment, as they include a broader evaluation and a risk estimation to enable a decision about increase of autonomy.The analysis concludes with a discussion about entrustment for unsupervised practice and supervision of others, as well as the program-, context-, and specialty-specificity of scales.PROBLEM When medical students with disabilities fail, identifying the underlying cause is challenging. Faculty unfamiliar with disability-related barriers or accommodations may falsely attribute academic struggles to disability. Fear of legal action may prompt inappropriate promotion of students with disabilities who are struggling to meet competencies. Therefore, a clear understanding of the origin of difficulty is critical to determining an appropriate response to the student's failure, including revision of accommodations, academic remediation, probation, and dismissal. APPROACH A large Midwestern medical college created an innovative approach to differentiate between disability-related barriers and academic deficits by creating a diagnostic objective structured clinical examination (OSCE). The goal of this OSCE was to determine the need for additional or refined accommodations versus clinical remediation, and to guide future decision making about a student on academic probation. Using 3 simulated cases thpropriate evaluation of students with disabilities.Meningiomas are highly vascularized tumors originating from arachnoid cap cells of the leptomeninges. The majority of meningiomas are classified as World Health Organization (WHO) grade I and display a benign clinical course with a low risk of recurrence. In contrast, WHO grade III meningiomas carry a high risk of recurrence and poor prognosis. However, it is commonly recognized that histopathologic grading does not always reliably predict recurrence or progression of meningiomas. Fatty acid-binding protein 4 (FABP4) is a small molecular weight lipid chaperone that plays a proangiogenic role in vascular endothelial cells. FABP4 is not expressed in normal brain vasculature but is detected in some glioblastoma and arteriovenous malformations. The expression pattern of FABP4 in meningiomas have not been reported to date. We analyzed FABP4 expression in a cohort of paraffin-embedded meningioma specimens by immunohistochemistry and double immunofluorescence analyses. FABP4 expression was detected in a subset of endothelial cells in 47 of 48 meningioma samples analyzed. Interestingly, tumor cell-FABP4 expression was also detected in only 1 of 22 grade I, none of grade II, but 10 of 12 grade III meningiomas (P less then 0.0001). These results demonstrate that FABP4 is commonly expressed in meningioma vascular endothelial cells while tumor cell expression of FABP4 is primarily observed in anaplastic meningiomas. A combination of FABP4 immunostaining with histopathologic grading might provide a more accurate prediction of the biological behavior of meningiomas than histopathologic grading alone.Laboratories worldwide find it challenging to identify enough tissues and cases for verification and validation studies of low-incidence, rare antigens. These antigens have a low frequency of occurrence in the population, or have little or no expression in normal tissues. Validation studies are essential to assure testing standardization before introducing a new instrument, product, or test into the clinical laboratory. The College of American Pathologists has published comprehensive guidelines for the verification and validation of new immunohistochemical tests introduced into the laboratory menu. Within the guidelines, varied numbers of cases are required for nonpredictive versus predictive markers. However, regarding low-incidence antigens, the laboratory medical director determines the extent of validation required. Recommended practical solutions available to clinical laboratories for low-incidence validation include developing internal resources using the laboratory information system with retrospective and prospective search(s) of archival material and purchase of tissue microarray blocks, slides, or cell lines from external resources. Utilization of homemade multitissue blocks has proved to be extremely valuable in biomarker research and demonstrated great utility in clinical immunohistochemistry laboratories. Participation in External Quality Assessment program(s) may provide insufficient numbers or the ability to calculate concordance rates. However, supplementation with in-house tissues can allow a laboratory to reach the optimal number of cases needed for verification and/or validation schemes. An alternative approach is conducting a thorough literature search and correlating staining patterns of the new test to the expected results. These solutions may be used uniquely or together to assure consistent standardized testing.Kawasaki disease (KD) is a systemic vasculitis of unknown etiology which predominantly affects medium- and small-sized muscular arteries. Histopathologic studies of KD vasculitis lesions have demonstrated characteristic T cell infiltration and an abundance of CD8 T cells; however, the contribution of cytotoxic lymphocytes to KD vasculitis lesions has not been identified. Here, we histopathologically and immunohistochemically examined infiltrating inflammatory cells, particularly cytotoxic protein-positive cells, such as granzyme B cells and TIA-1 cells, in KD vasculitis lesions. Three autopsy specimens with acute-phase KD were observed and contained 24 vasculitis lesions affecting medium-sized muscular arteries, excluding pulmonary arteries. Infiltrating neutrophils in vasculitis lesions were evaluated by hematoxylin and eosin staining, and monocytes/macrophages and lymphocytes were evaluated by immunohistochemistry. The predominant cells were CD163 monocytes/macrophages and CD3 T cells. CD8 T cells, granzyme B cells, and TIA-1 cells were also observed, but CD56 natural killer cells were rare.