Ayersbertelsen6230

© 2020 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. © 2020 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.The interdigital glands of sheep perform various functions including those pertaining to sexual behaviors. Morphological and histological structure of the gland demonstrates differences among species. The aim of this study is to examine the morphological and histological structure of Hasak and Hasmer sheep's interdigital glands and to determine the differences with other sheep breeds. For this research, we selected 7 Hasak and 7 Hasmer female sheep. After scarification, the feet were obtained and used for anatomical and histological examinations. For the histological examination, the interdigital gland tissues were stained with Crossman modified triple, Periodic acid Schiff (PAS) and Alcian blue (AB) staining. The morphometric analysis results, mean values of weight, body length, body diameter, flexura, ductus length, ductus diameter, were observed as 0.80mm, 14.61mm, 5.98mm, 5.62mm, 26.58mm and 3.25mm respectively in Hasak and 0.8mm, 15.46mm, 6.37mm, 5.70mm, 24.52 and 3.52 in Hasmer sheep. The histochemical staining revealed that the apocrine secretion of this gland was PAS positive and AB negative. The weight, body length, body diameter, flexura, ductus length and ductus diameter in the forefoot's interdigital glands of both Hasak and Hasmer sheep were higher in a statistically significant manner than those of the hindfeet's glands.Damage to the great auricular nerve, with consequent clinical deficits, is a common surgical complication in facial aesthetic and in head and neck procedures such as parotidectomy, neck dissection, rhytidectomy and platysma flap operations. Hence, a thorough knowledge of nerve anatomy, particularly its potential variations, is critical in reducing the associated operative morbidity. Accordingly, we report an unusual variation of the anterior branch of the great auricular nerve noted in an 81-year-old female cadaver. The nerve was observed to course into the submandibular region anterior and superficial to the internal jugular vein, communicating with the cervical branch of the facial nerve, while independently innervating the platysma muscle. Although several anatomical variations of the branches of the cervical plexus have been documented, our report describes unique innervation of the platysma muscle by the great auricular nerve, which provides a new insight on the motor component of the nerve.BACKGROUND Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) is the imaging technique used in vivo to visualize white matter pathways. The corticospinal tract (CST) belongs to one of the most often delineated tracts preoperatively, although, the optimal DTI method has not been established yet. Considering that various regions of interests (ROIs) could be selected, the reproducibility of CST tracking among different centres is low. We aimed to select the most reliable tractography method for outlining the CST for neurosurgeons. MATERIALS AND METHODS Our prospective study consisted of 32 patients (11 males, 21 females) with a brain tumour of various locations. DTI and T1-weighed image series were acquired prior to the surgery. To draw the CST, the posterior limb of the internal capsule (PLIC) and the cerebral peduncle (CP) were defined as two main ROIs. Together with these main ROIs, another four cortical endpoints were selected the frontal lobe (FL), the supplementary motor area (SMA), the precentral gyrus (PCG) and the postcentral gyrus (POCG). Based on these ROIs, we composed ten virtual CSTs in DSI Studio. The fractional anisotropy, the mean diffusivity, the tracts' volume, the length and the number were compared between all the CSTs. The degree of the CST infiltration, tumour size, the patients' sex and age were examined. RESULTS Significant differences in the number of tracts and their volume was observed when the PLIC or the CP stood as a single ROI comparing with the two-ROIs method (all p0.05). CONCLUSIONS A universal method of DTI of the CST was not developed. However, we found that the CP or the PLIC (with or without FL as the second ROI) should be used to outline the CST.BACKGROUND This study aims to revisit the anatomy of orbital segment of the CN III. The study also involved morphometric measurements of CN III muscular branches. Detailed description of observed anatomical variations and their incidence was also included. The study supplements earlier findings with detailed observations of the neuromuscular relations. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study was conducted on 52 orbits taken from 26 cadaveric heads (10 males and 16 females; Central European population). RESULTS Anatomical variations of the orbital segment of the CN III observed on the examined material involved both the superior and inferior branch of this nerve. The muscular branch innervating the levator palpebrae superioris muscle occasionally pierces the superior rectus muscle. The nerve to the inferior oblique muscle may pierce and innervate the inferior rectus muscle. In rare instances, duplication of the parasympathetic root of the ciliary ganglion may also occur. Among the muscular branches, the smallest diameter reached the branch to the levator palpebrae superioris muscle. Among the three muscular branches derived from the inferior branch of the CN III, the nerve to the inferior oblique was the longest one; Its length varied from 28.9 mm to 37.4 mm. The shortest was the muscular branch to the inferior rectus muscle. Its length varied from 0 mm (when muscular sub-branches arose directly from the nerve to the inferior oblique muscle) to 7.58 mm. CONCLUSIONS This study presented the characteristic of orbital segment of the CN III, including anatomical variations and morphometric measurements relevant to intraorbital procedures.The lateral (temporal) wall of the orbit separates it from the temporal fossa and the anterior part of the temporal muscle. Within this wall, the sphenozygomatic suture joins the greater wing of the sphenoid bone and the zygomatic bone. We retrospectively documented in cone beam computed tomography the anatomy of the orbit in a 56 y.o. female and we found a previously unreported anatomic variant. The greater wing of the sphenoid bone and the zygomatic bone were separated, bilaterally, by a large unossified space which we termed the sphenozygomatic fissure. This was merged inferiorly with the inferior orbital fissure. A possible imbalanced mechanism of membranous ossification of both the zygomatic bone and the orbital surface of the greater wing could be speculated as a possible cause for such sphenozygomatic fissure. This previously undocumented anatomic variant is of high clinical relevance, since it may allow orbital fat to herniate (or bulge) toward the temporal fossa, it may be easily damaged during minor trauma and it should be carefully approached during the surgery of the orbit through the lateral wall.BACKGROUND Stylomastoid foramen is the terminal part of facial canal and is the exit gateway for facial nerve from skull base. We hypothesized that anatomical variations of this foramen could be a risk factor for the injury of facial nerve resulting in unilateral facial nerve paralysis or Bell's palsy. Hence the present study was conducted to study the variations in size and shape of stylomastoid foramen in dry adult human skulls. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study was conducted on 37 dry adult human skulls of unknown age and sex. High resolution images of the skulls under study were processed by ImageJ software and observations were undertaken. RESULTS Total 8 variations of stylomastoid foramen were observed in terms of shape. The common variants were round, oval and square (present in 83.79% skulls on right side and 81.07% skulls on left side), whereas the rare variants were triangular, rectangular, serrated, bean and irregular. It was noted that stylomastoid foramen were associated with extensions (45.95% skulls) and also adjacent foramen (18.92% skulls). Exclusively unilateral observations included bifurcation of foramen (16.22% skulls), foramen situated deep inside skull groove (5.41% skulls) and foramen interrupted by bony spur (2.7% skulls). No significant differences were observed between the mean diameters (antero-posterior and transverse) of the stylomastoid foramen. CONCLUSIONS The unilateral variations along with rare variations in terms of shape such as serrated, bean and irregular foramen (which were also unilateral findings) could be potential risk factors towards injury of facial nerve at the point of exit from skull base leading to Bell's palsy.The main source of energy for brain and other organs is glucose. To obtain an energy for all tissue glucose has to come through glycolysis then as pyruvate is converting to acetyl-CoA due to pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC) and finally join to citric acid cycle. What happens when one of these stages become disturb? Mutation in genes encoding subunits of PDC leads to pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency. Abnormalities in PDC activity result in severe metabolic and broad brain malformations. For better understanding the development and mechanism of pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency the murine model of this disease has been created. Studies on a murine model showed similar malformation in brain structures as in the patients suffered from pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency such as reduced neuronal density, heterotopias of grey matter, reduced size of corpus callosum and pyramids. There is still no effective cure for PDC-deficiency. Promising therapy seemed to be ketogenic diet, which substitutes glucose to ketone bodies as a source of energy. Studies have shown that ketogenic diet decrease lactic acidosis and inhibit brain malformations, but not the mortality in early childhood. The newest reports say that phenylbutyrate increases level of PDC in brain, because reduced level of inactive form of PDH. Experiments on human fibroblast and zebra fish PDC-deficiency model showed that phenylbutyrate is promising cure to PDC-deficiency. This review summarizes the most important findings on the metabolic and morphological effects of PDC-deficiency and research for treatment therapy.Colon cancer is considered to be the third most common cancer worldwide. At diagnosis of colon cancer, 3.7-11% developed bone metastasis. Diet based strategies are important for prevention and treatment of colon cancer. This study investigated the effect of vitamin B17 on a DMH induced rat model of colon cancer. Eighty young adult male albino rats were divided into five groups. Ubiquitin chemical Group I (control group), Group II (vitamin B17), Group III (CC), Group IV (protected) and Group V (treated). Distal colon sections were prepared for light & scanning electron microscopic examination. Lumbar vertebrae specimens were prepared for light microscopic study. Morphometric and statistical analysis were done. In comparison with the control, both CC & treated groups showed invasion of the colonic tissue by pleomorphic branching colonic glands of variable shapes and sizes lined with dysplastic elongated hyperchromatic nuclei with frequent mitotic figures or stratified multilayered crowded nuclei with an extremely significant (p˂0.