Zhaothompson1885

However there were exceptions to this trend; r-protein RPS14C doubled its degradation rate in both oxidative treatments. Overall we show ribosome abundance decreases and their age increases with oxidative stress in line with loss of cell growth rate and total cellular protein amount, but ribosome function of the aging ribosomes appeared to be maintained co-committently with differences in the turnover rate and abundance of specific ribosomal proteins. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD012840. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.Damage or degeneration of inner ear spiral ganglion neurons (SGNs) causes hearing impairment. Previous in vitro studies indicate that cochlear glial cells can be reprogrammed into SGNs, however, it remains unknown whether this can occur in vivo. Here, we show that neonatal glial cells can be converted, in vivo, into SGNs (defined as new SGNs) by simultaneous induction of Neurog1 (Ngn1) and Neurod1. New SGNs express SGN markers, Tuj1, Map2, Prox1, Mafb and Gata3, and reduce glial cell marker Sox10 and Scn7a. The heterogeneity within new SGNs is illustrated by immunostaining and transcriptomic assays. Transcriptomes analysis indicates that well reprogrammed SGNs are similar to type I SGNs. In addition, reprogramming efficiency is positively correlated with the dosage of Ngn1 and Neurod1, but declined with aging. Taken together, our in vivo data demonstrates the plasticity of cochlear neonatal glial cells and the capacity of Ngn1 and Neurod1 to reprogram glial cells into SGNs. Looking ahead, we expect that combination of Neurog1 and Neurod1 along with other factors will further boost the percentage of fully converted (Mafb+/Gata3+) new SGNs. © 2020 Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology.OBJECTIVES To screen all of our patients being treated with intrathecal baclofen (ITB) therapy for catheter patency. METHOD Catheter patency was examined by performing a catheter access port study in 91 pediatric and adult patients undergoing ITB therapy at our institution. RESULTS Despite no preoperative clinical suspicion of a problem with the ITB system in all but one case, 16.5% of the catheters in our patient population were not patent. After replacement, prerevision and stable postrevision dosage was examined to determine the impact system replacement had on the daily dosage. There was a significant 65% reduction in the daily ITB dosage from before catheter exploration (M = 823.8 mcg/day, SD = 390.51) to stable post replacement/revision dosage after catheter replacement or revision (M = 289.43 mcg/day, SD = 187.76), t11 = 4.09, p = .002, 95% CI [246.80, 822.00]. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that catheters need to be routinely screened for patency. Routine maintenance and screening can minimize or more quickly detect nonpatent systems and ensure proper functioning of the ITB system. © 2020 International Neuromodulation Society.Internal magnetic moments induced by magnetic dopants in MoS2 monolayers are shown to serve as a new means to engineer valley Zeeman splitting (VZS). Specifically, successful synthesis of monolayer MoS2 doped with the magnetic element Co is reported, and the magnitude of the valley splitting is engineered by manipulating the dopant concentration. Valley splittings of 3.9, 5.2, and 6.15 meV at 7 T in Co-doped MoS2 with Co concentrations of 0.8%, 1.7%, and 2.5%, respectively, are achieved as revealed by polarization-resolved photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy. Atomic-resolution electron microscopy studies clearly identify the magnetic sites of Co substitution in the MoS2 lattice, forming two distinct types of configurations, namely isolated single dopants and tridopant clusters. Density functional theory (DFT) and model calculations reveal that the observed enhanced VZS arises from an internal magnetic field induced by the tridopant clusters, which couples to the spin, atomic orbital, and valley magnetic moment of carriers from the conduction and valence bands. The present study demonstrates a new method to control the valley pseudospin via magnetic dopants in layered semiconducting materials, paving the way toward magneto-optical and spintronic devices. © 2020 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.Transition zones between biomes, also known as ecotones, are areas of pronounced ecological change. They are primarily maintained by abiotic factors and disturbance regimes that could hinder or promote species range shifts in response to climate change. We evaluated how climate change has affected metacommunity dynamics in two adjacent biomes and across their ecotone by resurveying 106 sites that were originally surveyed for avian diversity in the early 20th century by Joseph Grinnell and colleagues. The Mojave, a warm desert, and the Great Basin, a cold desert, have distinct assemblages and meet along a contiguous, east-west boundary. Both deserts substantially warmed over the past century, but the Mojave dried while the Great Basin became wetter. We examined whether the distinctiveness and composition of desert avifaunas have changed, if species distributions shifted, and how the transition zone impacted turnover patterns. Avifauna change was characterized by (a) reduced occupancy, range contractions, and idiosyncratic species redistributions; (b) degradation of historic community structure, and increased taxonomic and climatic differentiation of the species inhabiting the two deserts; and (c) high levels of turnover at the transition zone but little range expansion of species from the warm, dry Mojave into the cooler, wetter Great Basin. Although both deserts now support more drier- and warmer-tolerant species, their bird communities still occupy distinct climatological space and differ significantly in climatic composition. Our results suggest a persistent transition zone between biomes contributes to limiting the redistribution of birds, and highlight the importance of understanding how transition zone dynamics impact responses to climate change. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.Artificially engineered metasurfaces provide extraordinary wave control at the subwavelength scale. However, metasurfaces proposed so far suffer due to limited bandwidths. CNQX In this paper, extremely thin metasurfaces made of single metallic layer is experimentally presented for ultra-wideband operation from 9.3 to 32.5 GHz (with a fractional band of 112%), working at both transmission and reflection modes simultaneously. The phase control is achieved by azimuthally rotating the scatterer based on Pancharatnam-Berry phase principle. Nearly uniform efficiency (≈25%), approaching the theoretical limit of the infinitely thin metasurface, is achieved throughout the operation band. Finally, the proposed design is implemented for applications, e.g., the generation of electromagnetic waves carrying orbital angular momentums as well as anomalous reflections and refractions. The metasurfaces are characterized numerically and experimentally and the results are in good agreements. © 2020 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.