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The observed mortality per 100,000 people is about 10 times higher than that of the general infant and child population under the age of 4 years. Visual impairment was the most common accompanying disability, followed by brain lesion.

Our study's estimates of the nationwide population-based incidence of primary congenital glaucoma in a Korean population will expand our understanding of the disease and allow healthcare systems to plan for primary congenital glaucoma.

Our study's estimates of the nationwide population-based incidence of primary congenital glaucoma in a Korean population will expand our understanding of the disease and allow healthcare systems to plan for primary congenital glaucoma.

We sought to investigate the temporal changes of eyelid height after phenylephrine instillation in Korean patients with and without ptosis to determine the time points of the first and maximum reactions.

The phenylephrine test was performed on 16 eyes of 12 ptotic patients (group I) and 24 eyes of 12 normal control subjects (group II) in our hospital between September 2017 and March 2018. One drop of 2.5% phenylephrine was instilled and the marginal reflex distance 1 (MRD1) was measured at 15 seconds before instillation and the following time points after instillation at 15-second intervals for the initial 5 minutes and at 5-minute intervals until a total of 20 minutes was reached (i.e., at 10, 15, and 20 minutes).

In group I patients, the first reaction appeared at 5 minutes (

= 0.034), while the maximum eyelid height after the first reaction was reached at 15 minutes (

= 0.025) and was maintained until 20 minutes. In group II subjects, the first reaction appeared at 5 minutes (

= 0.034), while the maximum eyelid height was reached at 10 minutes (

= 0.015) and was maintained until 20 minutes. There was no significant difference in the response of eyelid height based on time (

= 0.122) between the two groups.

Our analysis of phenylephrine test results in Korean ptotic patients revealed a significant increase occurred in the eyelid height after 5 minutes; meanwhile, the maximum eyelid height was reached at 15 minutes and was maintained until 20 minutes after instillation.

Our analysis of phenylephrine test results in Korean ptotic patients revealed a significant increase occurred in the eyelid height after 5 minutes; meanwhile, the maximum eyelid height was reached at 15 minutes and was maintained until 20 minutes after instillation.

To evaluate the changes in esodeviation after inferior oblique (IO) recession in patients with refractive accommodative esotropia and IO overaction.

Graded IO recession was performed in 68 patients who were diagnosed with refractive accommodative esotropia with IO overaction. The patients were followed for at least 3 months after surgery and the angle of esodeviation with correction was evaluated at distance and near at each follow-up evaluation. The patients were divided into two groups patients who underwent unilateral IO recession (UIO-Rec) and patients who underwent bilateral IO recession (BIO-Rec). The change in esodeviation after surgery was compared between the two groups.

A total of 68 patients were enrolled in this study, with 38 patients in the UIO-Rec group and 30 in the BIO-Rec group. In the UIO-Rec group, there was no statistically significant difference in esodeviation before and after surgery. In the BIO-Rec group, esodeviation at distance increased significantly 1 day postoperatively (

= 0.033). However, esodeviation returned to the preoperative value one week after surgery (

= 0.665). HDAC inhibitor Changes in esodeviation at distance were significantly greater in the BIO-Rec group than in the UIO-Rec group one day after surgery (

= 0.044).

Bilateral IO-weakening surgery induced a transient increase in esodeviation in patients with refractive accommodative esotropia. However, we found no evidence that well-controlled esotropia with corrected hyperopia became decompensated after IO-weakening surgery, as induced esodeviation was minor and temporary.

Bilateral IO-weakening surgery induced a transient increase in esodeviation in patients with refractive accommodative esotropia. However, we found no evidence that well-controlled esotropia with corrected hyperopia became decompensated after IO-weakening surgery, as induced esodeviation was minor and temporary.

To investigate the efficacy of the combined phototherapeutic keratectomy (PTK) and peripheral anterior stromal puncture (ASP) compared with that of PTK alone in patients with recurrent corneal erosion syndrome (RCES).

The medical records of 25 patients (25 eyes) who underwent combined treatment of PTK and peripheral ASP for RCES from March 2016 to May 2017 were retrospectively reviewed. Twenty-three patients (23 eyes) treated with PTK alone from March 2015 to February 2016 served as a control group. All surgeries were performed by a single surgeon. This retrospective clinical study comprised 48 patients (48 eyes) who were followed up for more than 18 months. Clinical records of age, sex, laterality, etiology of RCES, and history of recurrence after treatment were evaluated.

Twenty-five eyes were treated with combined PTK and ASP, and 23 eyes were treated with PTK only. The mean follow-up period was 19.63 ± 2.97 and 19.75 ± 6.83 months, respectively. There were no differences in baseline parameters between the groups. In the combined treatment group, one patient experienced recurrence 6 months after the surgery. In the single treatment group, five patients showed recurrence at 4, 7, 8, 11, and 13 months after the surgery, respectively. Compared to the single treatment group, the combined treatment group showed significantly lower recurrence rate (

< 0.05). All recurred patients required no additional treatment except temporary therapeutic contact lenses and topical lubricants.

Our findings suggest that combined treatment of PTK and peripheral ASP is effective in alleviation of symptoms and prevention of recurrence in refractory RCES compared with treatment using PTK alone.

Our findings suggest that combined treatment of PTK and peripheral ASP is effective in alleviation of symptoms and prevention of recurrence in refractory RCES compared with treatment using PTK alone.

To investigate the efficacy of aflibercept for the treatment of diabetic macular edema via a treat-and-extend regimen.

This prospective, single-center, open-label, interventional study involved 30 patients with a best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) ≤0.6 and a central retinal thickness (CRT) ≥300 μm. The enrolled eyes each received a monthly intravitreal aflibercept injection until the CRT decreased below 300 μm, upon which the administration interval was extended for 1 month until the CRT once again increased to ≥300 μm. Main outcome measures were median BCVA and CRT at 6 and 12 months after initiation of treatment via last observation carried forward analysis, the median number of injections over the 12 months, and the effects on the diabetic retinopathy severity scale (DRSS) score of the patients who completed the 12-month follow-up period.

Of the 30 enrolled patients, 29 and 25 respectively completed the 6- and 12-month follow-up examinations. From baseline to 6 and 12 months after treatment initiation, the median BCVA (logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution) significantly improved from 0.52 to 0.30 and 0.35, respectively, and the median CRT significantly decreased from 439.5 to 268.5 and 249.0 μm, respectively. The median number of injections over the 12-month follow-up period was 6.0. Compared to baseline, the DRSS score at 12 months was improved by 2 steps in 16% of patients; in no cases did the DRSS score worsen or improve by three steps or more.

When administered in a treat-and-extend regimen, aflibercept is an effective treatment option for diabetic macular edema.

When administered in a treat-and-extend regimen, aflibercept is an effective treatment option for diabetic macular edema.

We sought to evaluate the long-term outcomes for patients with exudative age-related macular degeneration (AMD) undergoing vitrectomy for breakthrough vitreous hemorrhage and to investigate possible prognostic factors.

Consecutive patients treated at two high-volume referral-based tertiary hospitals between July 2006 and December 2019 were retrospectively reviewed. Surgery was performed using the standard three-port vitrectomy. The primary outcome was the change in best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) over long-term follow-up, while secondary outcomes included the assessment of possible prognostic factors.

Among 50 eyes from 50 patients included in this study, 23 (46%) were diagnosed with polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (PCV) and 27 (54%) were diagnosed with neovascular AMD. Preoperative vision at the time of vitreous hemorrhage onset was 20 / 3,027 (logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution [logMAR], 2.18 ± 0.34). At 12 months after surgery, the mean BCVA improved to 20 / 873 (logMAR, 1.64 ± 0.76; emorrhage, and PCV type were associated with a favorable 2-year visual outcome after vitrectomy for vitreous hemorrhage in patients with exudative AMD. Overall, vitrectomy resulted in improved visual acuity and patients showed a decreased need for anti-vascular endothelial growth factor therapy thereafter.

To evaluate the effect of adalimumab in pediatric uveitis and subsequent changes in anterior chamber inflammation following the inactivation of uveitis.

In this retrospective study, patients with noninfectious uveitis younger than 18 years of age who were treated with adalimumab for more than 12 months were included. The rate of complete suppression and the relapse in anterior chamber inflammation following the initiation of adalimumab therapy were evaluated using anterior chamber cell score and laser flare photometry (LFP) values, if available. Changes in visual acuity and the sparing effect of topical steroid agents were also evaluated.

Among 22 eyes of 12 pediatric uveitis patients enrolled, 13 eyes were associated with juvenile idiopathic arthritis and nine eyes had idiopathic uveitis. The mean ± standard deviation age was 10.2 ± 3.6 years. Types of uveitis included anterior uveitis (n = 17) and panuveitis (n = 5). Quiescence was observed in 14 eyes (63.6%) at 3 months and in 21 eyes (95.5%) at 12 mse rate of 9.5%. LFP values together with the anterior chamber cell score can be utilized to monitor the improvement or relapse in anterior chamber inflammation in pediatric noninfectious uveitis.

We sought to determine changes in the conjunctival bacterial flora and antibiotic resistance after topical antibiotic drops for infection prophylaxis were administered following intravitreal injections in patients with type 2 diabetes.

This prospective and nonrandomized cohort study included 116 eyes of 116 treatment-naive patients with type 2 diabetes who received six serial intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor injections for macular edema. Three conjunctival cultures were obtained from each eye over the course of the study (Culture 1, baseline; Culture 2, 1 month after the third injection; and Culture 3, 1 month after the sixth injection). The study subjects were given topical moxifloxacin hydrochloride for 4 days after each monthly intravitreal injection. The growth patterns of conjunctival bacterial flora and the antibiotic resistance to several commonly used antibiotics were examined.

The rate of culture positivity increased significantly during the observation period (Culture 1, n = 47, 40.