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There is a wide variation in the knowledge related to oral radiology. This study aims to assess the prior knowledge of radiology amongst freshman dental students prior to beginning any formal dental school instruction.

A total of 139 newly matriculated freshman dental students were asked to complete a 7-question radiology, take-home survey regarding their prior knowledge. The questionnaire was built within their course site and was presented prior to beginning the radiology lectures.

The responses were varied for all seven questions based on previous experiences and existing knowledge. Significant variation was noted in responses to Q4, Q6 and Q7 as opposed to Qs 1-3 and 5. Many students believed that the acquisition of radiographs should be selective. The acquisition of radiographs in pregnant women yielded comments in line with the belief that dose and frequency of radiation exposure would impact the health of the pregnant woman and developing foetus. Additionally, many students agreed with the statement regarding orthodontists over-radiating children as reported in the New York Times. Perceptions based on social media and news outlets need to be addressed and changed in a dental school setting based on evidence.

Dental school instruction must use the cues from surveys similar to that used in this research and structure their instruction to increase the critical teaching of radiology. The eventual goal of such an instruction would be to have a scientifically accurate information and remove the perceptions that the students came with when they began their dental education.

Dental school instruction must use the cues from surveys similar to that used in this research and structure their instruction to increase the critical teaching of radiology. The eventual goal of such an instruction would be to have a scientifically accurate information and remove the perceptions that the students came with when they began their dental education.Lithium-rich layered oxides with high energy density are promising cathode materials, thus having attracted a large number of researchers. However, the materials cannot be commercialized for application so far. The crucial problem is the releasing of lattice oxygen at high voltage and resulting consequence, such as decomposition of electrolyte, irreversible phase transition of crystal structure, capacity degradation, and voltage decay. Therefore, capturing active-oxygen and further constructing a cathode-electrolyte-interface (CEI) protective layer via the scavenging effects should be a fundamental step to solve these issues. Herein, β-carotene with antioxidant properties is used as a scavenging molecule to achieve this goal. The control of active oxygen species effectively alleviates the decomposition of carbonate electrolyte under high voltage. The introduction of β-carotene additives can also be adjusted in situ to generate a customized CEI film, which is a double-layer structure with external organic components and internal inorganic components. Moreover, the β-carotene-containing electrolyte system exhibits better thermal stability. Benefited from these, Lithium-rich cathode of β-carotene-containing electrolyte shows outstanding long-life cycle stability, with 93.4% capacity retention rate after 200 cycles at 1 C; this electrochemical stability is superior to other electrolyte additive systems reported at present.In seasonal environments subject to climate change, organisms typically show phenological changes. As these changes are usually stronger in organisms at lower trophic levels than those at higher trophic levels, mismatches between consumers and their prey may occur during the consumers' reproduction period. While in some species a trophic mismatch induces reductions in offspring growth, this is not always the case. This variation may be caused by the relative strength of the mismatch, or by mitigating factors like increased temperature-reducing energetic costs. We investigated the response of chick growth rate to arthropod abundance and temperature for six populations of ecologically similar shorebirds breeding in the Arctic and sub-Arctic (four subspecies of Red Knot Calidris canutus, Great Knot C. tenuirostris and Surfbird C. virgata). In general, chicks experienced growth benefits (measured as a condition index) when hatching before the seasonal peak in arthropod abundance, and growth reductions when hatching after the peak. The moment in the season at which growth reductions occurred varied between populations, likely depending on whether food was limiting growth before or after the peak. Higher temperatures led to faster growth on average, but could only compensate for increasing trophic mismatch for the population experiencing the coldest conditions. We did not find changes in the timing of peaks in arthropod availability across the study years, possibly because our series of observations was relatively short; timing of hatching displayed no change over the years either. Our results suggest that a trend in trophic mismatches may not yet be evident; however, we show Arctic-breeding shorebirds to be vulnerable to this phenomenon and vulnerability to depend on seasonal prey dynamics.

The faster rates of cognitive decline and predominance of atypical forms in early-onset Alzheimer's disease (EOAD) suggest that neuropsychiatric symptoms could be different in EOAD compared to late-onset AD (LOAD); however, prior studies based on non-biomarker-diagnosed cohorts show discordant results. Our goal was to determine the profile of neuropsychiatric symptoms in EOAD and LOAD, in a cohort with biomarker/postmortem-confirmed diagnoses. Additionally, the contribution of co-pathologies was explored.

In all, 219 participants (135 EOAD, 84 LOAD) meeting National Institute on Aging and Alzheimer's Association criteria for AD (115 amyloid positron emission tomography/cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers, 104 postmortem diagnosis) at the University of California San Francisco were evaluated. The Neuropsychiatric Inventory-Questionnaire (NPI-Q) was assessed at baseline and during follow-up. The NPI-Q mean comparisons and regression models adjusted by cognitive (Mini-Mental State Examination) and functional state in increasing neuropsychiatric symptoms.

Anxiety, night-time behaviors and motor disturbances are more severe in EOAD than LOAD across the disease course. The differential patterns of neuropsychiatric symptoms observed between EOAD/LOAD could suggest a pattern of selective vulnerability extending to the brain's subcortical structures. Further, co-pathologies such as argyrophilic grain disease in LOAD may also play a role in increasing neuropsychiatric symptoms.Water diversion and pollution are two pervasive stressors in river ecosystems that often co-occur. Individual effects of both stressors on basal resources available to stream communities have been described, with diversion reducing detritus standing stocks and pollution increasing biomass of primary producers. However, interactive effects of both stressors on the structure and trophic basis of food webs remain unknown. We hypothesized that the interaction between both stressors increases the contribution of the green pathway in stream food webs. Given the key role of the high-quality, but less abundant, primary producers, we also hypothesized an increase in food web complexity with larger trophic diversity in the presence of water diversion and pollution. To test these hypotheses, we selected four rivers in a range of pollution subject to similar water diversion schemes, and we compared food webs upstream and downstream of the diversion. We characterized food webs by means of stable isotope analysis. Both stressors directly changed the availability of basal resources, with water diversion affecting the brown food web by decreasing detritus stocks, and pollution enhancing the green food web by promoting biofilm production. The propagation of the effects at the base of the food web to higher trophic levels differed between stressors. see more Water diversion had little effect on the structure of food webs, but pollution increased food chain length and trophic diversity, and reduced trophic redundancy. The effects at higher trophic levels were exacerbated when combining both stressors, as the relative contribution of biofilm to the stock of basal resources increased even further. Overall, we conclude that moderate pollution increases food web complexity and that the interaction with water abstraction seems to amplify this effect. Our study shows the importance of assessing the interaction between stressors to create predictive tools for a proper management of ecosystems.

Adenovirus infections are exceedingly common in childhood. However, little is known of the clinical characteristics of children admitted with severe infection to the paediatric intensive care unit (PICU).

Clinical data on children hospitalised with adenovirus infection between January 2005 and March 2020 were collected. We compared data between children hospitalised in the PICU and those who were not in a 12 ratio.

During the study period, 69 children with adenovirus infection were admitted to the PICU, representing 5% of all hospitalised children with adenovirus. Thirty-four (49%) were previously healthy children. Mortality occurred in 5 patients, and all had an underlying illness. Cidofovir was used in 21 children, including 11 who were previously healthy. No side effects were attributed to the treatment. During 2005-2014, viral co-infection rates were 42% in the PICU group and 11% in the control group (p=0.002). However, during 2015-2020, when the viral panel became widespread in our institution, the rates of co-infection were similar in the two groups (32% and 34%, p=1.0).

Our findings suggest that adenovirus may present as a serious, life-threatening disease even in previously healthy children.

Our findings suggest that adenovirus may present as a serious, life-threatening disease even in previously healthy children.Docetaxel (DTX) is used against breast cancer despite its side effects such as toxicity and immunosuppression. Here we investigated the cytotoxic and immunomodulatory effects of the ethanol solution extract of propolis (EEP) in combination with DTX on MCF-7 breast cancer cells and on women's monocyte. The cytotoxic potential of EEP + DTX was assessed by MTT assay and the type of tumor cell death was evaluated by flow cytometry. The effects of EEP + DTX on the migration and invasion of MCF-7 cells were analyzed. Cytokine production by monocytes was assessed by ELISA and the expression of cell surface markers was evaluated by flow cytometry. We also assessed the fungicidal activity of monocytes against Candida albicans and the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Finally, the impact of the supernatants of treated monocytes in the viability, migration, and invasiveness of tumor cells was assessed. EEP enhanced the cytotoxicity of DTX alone against MCF-7 cells by inducing necrosis and inhibiting their migratory ability. EEP + DTX exerted no cytotoxic effects on monocytes and stimulated HLA-DR expression, TNF-α, and IL-6 production, exerted an immunorestorative action in the fungicidal activity, and reduced the oxidative stress. Our findings have practical implications and reveal new insights for complementary medicine.