Lockharthjelm8203
The cancer registry of Bulawayo (Zimbabwe) operated for 15 years in the preindependence period (1963-77), and was restarted in 2011. This allows comparison of incidence of cancers over a period of almost 50 years.
Age-standardized rates, with SEs, were calculated for 1963-1972 and 2011-2015. Detailed results are presented for those cancers for which there was a significant (
< 0.05) change in the rates between the two periods.
There were declines in the rates of those cancers previously known to be common in East and Southern Africa (esophagus, liver, bladder), and the emergence of cancers associated with "westernization" of lifestyles (breast, prostate, large bowel). Cancers related to infection with HIV-AIDS (Kaposi sarcoma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, eye cancers) have come to comprise a much larger proportion of the total burden, and cancer of the cervix (also AIDS-related) has shown a large increase in incidence-as elsewhere in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). More surprising is the decline in cancer of the lung-formerly very high, but by 2011-2015, despite little change in the prevalence of smoking, rates were low-close to the average for SSA. This may relate, in part, to a decline in the numbers of miners, and ex-miners, residing in the city.
The changes in incidence are largely explained by differences in past exposure to environmental risk factors.
Few datasets from SSA can document temporal changes in the cancer epidemic on the continent. There are some anticipated observations, as well as unexpected findings meriting further investigation.
Few datasets from SSA can document temporal changes in the cancer epidemic on the continent. There are some anticipated observations, as well as unexpected findings meriting further investigation.
The risk of breast cancer among hypertensive patients who use beta-blockers has attracted attention. However, the evidence is inconsistent and investigation of the dose-specific associations for subtypes of beta-blockers is limited.
By incorporating Swedish national registers, breast cancer risk was estimated in women with hypertension who used nonselective beta-blockers and beta-1 selective blockers compared with propensity score-matched nonusers. The cumulative defined daily dose was used to study the dose-response association. Test of interaction between beta-blocker use and other antihypertensive medications was performed.
Hypertensive patients taking beta-1 selective blockers (metoprolol, atenolol, bisoprolol) had an increased risk of breast cancer with a HR and 95% confidence interval (CI) of 2.39 (1.95-2.94), 2.31 (1.46-3.64), and 3.02 (2.09-4.36), respectively. All of the observed associations were dose-dependent (
< 0.0001). No significant association was found for the nonselective beta-blocker (propranolol) except that among users of agents acting on the renin-angiotensin system, those who used propranolol had increased breast cancer risk. Modification of agents acting on the renin-angiotensin system on breast cancer risk was also observed for atenolol.
The increased risk of breast cancer associates with the use of beta-1 selective blockers in a dose-response manner.
Breast cancer surveillance is recommended for hypertensive female patients using beta-1 selective blockers.
Breast cancer surveillance is recommended for hypertensive female patients using beta-1 selective blockers.
In the United States, >45,000 adolescent and young adult (AYA) women are diagnosed with cancer annually. Reproductive issues are critically important to AYA cancer survivors, but insufficient information is available to address their concerns. find more The AYA Horizon Study was initiated to contribute high-quality, contemporary evidence on reproductive outcomes for female cancer survivors in the United States.
The study cohort includes women diagnosed with lymphoma, breast, melanoma, thyroid, or gynecologic cancer (the five most common cancers among women ages 15-39 years) at three study sites the state of North Carolina and the Kaiser Permanente health systems in Northern and Southern California. Detailed information on cancer treatment, fertility procedures, and pregnancy (e.g., miscarriage, live birth) and birth (e.g., birth weight, gestational length) outcomes are leveraged from state cancer registries, health system databases and administrative insurance claims, national data on assisted reproductive technology procedures, vital records, and survey data.
We identified a cohort of 11,072 female AYA cancer survivors that includes >1,200 African American women, >1,400 Asian women, >1,600 Medicaid enrollees, and >2,500 Hispanic women using existing data sources. Active response to the survey component was low overall (
= 1,679), and notably lower among minority groups compared with non-Hispanic white women.
Passive data collection through linkage reduces participant burden and prevents systematic cohort attrition or potential selection biases that can occur with active participation requirements.
The AYA Horizon study will inform survivorship planning as fertility and parenthood gain increasing recognition as key aspects of high-quality cancer care.
The AYA Horizon study will inform survivorship planning as fertility and parenthood gain increasing recognition as key aspects of high-quality cancer care.
Combined oral contraceptive use is associated with a decreased risk of invasive epithelial ovarian cancer (ovarian cancer). There is suggestive evidence of an inverse association between progestin-only contraceptive use and ovarian cancer risk, but previous studies have been underpowered.
The current study used primary data from 7,977 women with ovarian cancer and 11,820 control women in seven case-control studies from the Ovarian Cancer Association Consortium to evaluate the association between use of depot-medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA), an injectable progestin-only contraceptive, and ovarian cancer risk. Logistic models were fit to determine the association between ever use of DMPA and ovarian cancer risk overall and by histotype. A systematic review of the association between DMPA use and ovarian cancer risk was conducted.
Ever use of DMPA was associated with a 35% decreased risk of ovarian cancer overall (OR, 0.65; 95% confidence interval, 0.50-0.85). There was a statistically significant trend of decreasing risk with increasing duration of use (
< 0.001). The systematic review yielded six studies, four of which showed an inverse association and two showed increased risk.
DMPA use appears to be associated with a decreased risk of ovarian cancer in a duration-dependent manner based on the preponderance of evidence. Further study of the mechanism through which DMPA use is associated with ovarian cancer is warranted.
The results of this study are of particular interest given the rise in popularity of progestin-releasing intrauterine devices that have a substantially lower progestin dose than that in DMPA, but may have a stronger local effect.
The results of this study are of particular interest given the rise in popularity of progestin-releasing intrauterine devices that have a substantially lower progestin dose than that in DMPA, but may have a stronger local effect.
Women at high risk for breast cancer due to genetics or risk factor profiles are counseled to adopt lifestyle, behavioral, and dietary changes to help reduce their risk. These recommendations are based on studies of women at average risk, so their effectiveness in high-risk women is unclear.
We evaluated the impact of physical activity, smoking, alcohol consumption, and intake of folate and carotenoids on mammographic breast density-a proxy for breast cancer risk-among 387 high-risk women. Exposures were self-reported on questionnaires. Breast dense area, nondense area, and percent dense area were measured from screening mammograms with Library for Breast Radiodensity Assessment software. Cross-sectional associations were estimated with multivariable quantile regression models.
After adjusting for age, adiposity, reproductive history, and use of postmenopausal hormones, no breast density measure was associated with physical activity level, smoking status, alcohol consumption, or estimated intake of folate, alpha-carotene, beta-carotene, lutein/zeaxanthin, and beta-cryptoxanthin. Lycopene intake was associated with lower dense area when comparing the highest and lowest intake categories (adjusted difference in median = -14 cm
, 95% confidence interval -29 to 1.3 cm
). This association may be explained by incomplete adjustment for adiposity.
Recommended lifestyle, behavioral, and dietary changes to mitigate personal risk of breast cancer do not substantially impact mammographic breast density measures.
Alternative strategies, such as increased uptake of chemoprevention, may better serve risk reduction efforts in women at high risk for breast cancer.
Alternative strategies, such as increased uptake of chemoprevention, may better serve risk reduction efforts in women at high risk for breast cancer.
Modern Western diets are rich in acidogenic foods. Human and
studies suggest a potential link between dietary acid load and cancer risk. However, no epidemiologic studies have investigated the association of dietary acid load with the risk of pancreatic cancer. Therefore, we conducted a prospective cohort study to fill this gap.
A population-based cohort of 95,708 American adults was identified. Potential renal acid load (PRAL) and net endogenous acid production (NEAP) were used to assess dietary acid load of each subject, with greater values indicating greater dietary acid load. Cox regression was used to estimate risk estimates for pancreatic cancer incidence. Predefined subgroup analysis was used to identify the potential effect modifiers.
A total of 337 pancreatic cancer cases were observed during 848,534.0 person-years of follow-up. PRAL score was found to be positively associated with the risk of pancreatic cancer [fully adjusted HR
1.73; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 1.21-2.48;
= 0.001] in a nonlinear dose-response pattern (
= 0.012). Subgroup analysis found that the positive association of PRAL score with the risk of pancreatic cancer was more pronounced in subjects aged <65 years than in those ≥65 years (
= 0.018). Similar results were obtained for NEAP score.
Higher dietary acid load is associated with a higher risk of pancreatic cancer. Future studies should validate our findings in other populations and settings.
This is the first epidemiologic study suggesting that reducing dietary acid load may be useful in primary prevention of pancreatic cancer.
This is the first epidemiologic study suggesting that reducing dietary acid load may be useful in primary prevention of pancreatic cancer.Emerging three-dimensional (3D) cultures of glioblastoma are becoming powerful models to study glioblastoma stem cell behavior and the impact of cell-cell and cell-microenvironment interactions on tumor growth and invasion. Here we describe a method for culturing human glioblastoma stem cells (GSCs) in 3D by co-culturing them with pluripotent stem cell-derived brain organoids. This requires multiple coordinated steps, including the generation of cerebral organoids, and the growth and fluorescence tagging of GSCs. We highlight how to recognize optimal organoid generation and how to efficiently mark GSCs, before describing optimized co-culture conditions. We show that GSCs can efficiently integrate into brain organoids and maintain a significant degree of cell fate heterogeneity, paving the way for the analysis of GSC fate behavior and lineage progression. These results establish the 3D culture system as a viable and versatile GBM model for investigating tumor cell biology and GSC heterogeneity.This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
