Jerniganrosen9864

The yield, flavor, and texture of ripened cheese result from numerous interrelated microbiological, biochemical, and physical reactions that take place during ripening. The aims of the present study were to propose a 2-compartment first-order kinetic model of cheese weight loss over the ripening period; to test the variation in new informative phenotypes describing this process; and to assess the effects on these traits of dairy farming system, individual farms within dairy system, animal factors, and milk composition. A total of 1,211 model cheeses were produced in the laboratory using individual 1.5-L milk samples from Brown Swiss cows reared on 83 farms located in Trento Province. During ripening (60 d; temperature 15°C, relative humidity 85%), the weight of all model cheeses was measured, and cheese yield (cheese weight/processed milk weight, %CY) was calculated at 7 intervals from cheese-making (0, 1, 7, 14, 28, 42, and 60 d). Using these measures, a 2-compartment first-order kinetic model (3-parameter encluding milk composition in the linear mixed model, the importance of all the herd and animal sources of variation was greatly reduced for all traits. The proposed model and novel traits could be tested, first, with the aim of establishing new monitoring procedures enabling the dairy industry to improve milk quality-based payment systems at the herd level and, second, with a view to exploring possible genetic improvements to dairy cow populations.The objectives of the current study were to determine the effects of supplementing a blend of probiotic bacteria (Provida Calf, MB Nutritional Sciences, Lubbock, TX) on the pathophysiological response to an oral Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium challenge in neonatal Jersey calves. Twenty-four Jersey bull calves within 24 h of birth were acquired from a local calf ranch, blocked by total serum protein and initial body weight, and randomly assigned to 1 of 3 treatments (n = 8). Calves were assigned to either (1) Control (CON); base milk replacer, (2) Control + Salmonella Typhimurium (CON+ST); base milk replacer and challenged with Salmonella Typhimurium on d 7; or (3) Provida Calf probiotics + Salmonella Typhimurium (PRO+ST); same milk replacer supplemented with a proprietary blend of Lactobacillus casei and Enterococcus faecium strains and challenged with Salmonella Typhimurium on d 7. The PRO+ST calves were supplemented for the first 3 d with 2 × 1010 cfu/d and then with 2 × 109 cfu/d for the remaindevated neutrophil percentages on d 10 compared with d 7, whereas 4 of the 8 CON+ST calves had reduced neutrophil percentages on d 10 compared with d 7. Villus height-to-crypt depth ratios in the duodenum were greater among CON and PRO+ST calves, being 1.38, 0.84, and 1.43 for CON, CON+ST, and PRO+ST, respectively. In the ileum, the PRO+ST calves had greater villus height-to-crypt depth ratios than both the CON and CON+ST calves (1.64, 1.53, and 2.43 for CON, CON+ST, and PRO+ST, respectively). These data indicate that supplementing neonatal calves with the blend of probiotic bacteria used in the current study can influence the pathophysiological response to a mild enteric Salmonella Typhimurium challenge.The objective of this study was to determine how feeding behavior of dairy cows is altered in response to diet-induced negative energy balance, and if this response varies depending on dietary particle size distribution. Multiparous Holstein cows (n = 30; days in milk = 59 ± 5; parity = 2.8 ± 0.19), producing 44.6 ± 1.2 kg/d of milk, were fed (on a dry matter basis) a lactating diet [net energy of lactation (NEL) = 1.66 Mcal/kg; 68% forage, including 1.8% wheat straw] during a 2-wk baseline period. To induce negative energy balance, cows were then exposed for 3 wk to 1 of 2 diets formulated for a 20% reduction in energy available for milk (NEL = 1.58 Mcal/kg; 73% forage, including 17.2% wheat straw). These diets were identical, only varying in straw chop length (1) long straw diet (LS) straw chopped with a 10.2-cm screen, or (2) short straw diet (SS) straw chopped with a 2.54-cm screen. E7080 manufacturer Cows consumed 25.6 ± 0.26 kg/d during the baseline period. Dry matter intake decreased on the experimental diets; dry matteregative energy balance was associated with the extent of that change in feed sorting.Persistence of Salmonella in milk powders has caused several foodborne outbreaks. link2 The determination of proper pasteurization processing conditions requires an understanding of the thermal inactivation kinetics of Salmonella in milk powders. However, there is a lack of knowledge related to the effects of water activity (aw) and fat content on Salmonella inactivation in milk powder during thermal processing. Two types of milk powders, nonfat dry milk and whole milk powder, with different fat contents (0.62 and 29.46% wt/wt, respectively) were inoculated with a 5-strain cocktail of Salmonella and equilibrated to 3 aw levels (0.10, 0.20, and 0.30) for isothermal treatments at 75, 80, and 85°C to obtain D-values (the time required to achieve a 10-fold reduction of the bacteria at the isothermal treatment temperature) and z-values (the increase in temperature required to achieve a 90% reduction of the decimal reduction time D). Stability tests showed that the inoculation method used in this study provided a high and stable population of Salmonella for thermal inactivation studies. A moisture sorption isotherm was measured to understand the relationship between aw and moisture content of milk powders. The thermal resistance of Salmonella was found to significantly increase as aw decreased, which suggested that a higher temperature or longer processing time would be required at low aw to achieve the desired inactivation of Salmonella. The microbial inactivation kinetics were not significantly different for the 2 milk powders; therefore, data were combined to develop a universal model. A response surface model was compared with a modified Bigelow model. The modified Bigelow model performed well to predict D-values [root mean square error (RMSE) = 1.47 min] and log reductions (RMSE = 0.48 log cfu/g). The modified Bigelow model developed here could be used to estimate D-value as a function of water activity and temperature to design a thermal pasteurization system for milk powders.Each quarter of the bovine mammary gland is an anatomically and functionally distinct gland. However, mastitis in one quarter may affect function of adjacent, uninfected glands. To investigate the mechanisms and potential mediators of these effects, we quantified early responses of the mammary gland to intramammary lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge, distinguishing between local and systemic effects. link3 Ten multiparous cows over 70 d in milk were blocked into pairs by breed, cow-level somatic cell count (SCC), and milk yield. Within block, one cow was assigned to LPS treatment (T) such that both the front and the rear quarter of a randomly selected udder half received an infusion of 50 µg of LPS in 10 mL of saline (T-L); the contralateral quarters received only 10 mL of saline (T-S). Similarly, each paired control cow (C) received either 10 mL of saline (C-S) or no infusion (C-N) into udder halves. Cows were quarter milked twice daily, with foremilk samples (~30 mL, front quarters) taken at -24, 0, 3, 6, 12, and milk component. Depending on the component, effects were local, systemic, or both, suggesting involvement of multiple different mediators that collectively result in systemic inhibition of milk production.Mastitis is one of the major causes for antimicrobial use on dairy cattle farms. On farms with an automatic milking system (AMS), diagnostics differ from those with a conventional milking system (CMS), with potentially a different attitude toward mastitis treatment. This may result in differences in antimicrobial usage (AMU) between these 2 types of farms. The aims of this study were (1) to compare AMU between AMS and CMS farms, (2) to identify variables associated with AMU in both types of herds, and (3) to describe the distribution of mastitis-causing pathogens and their antimicrobial resistance patterns. Data on AMU was collected for 42 AMS and 254 CMS farms in the Netherlands and was expressed as animal-defined daily dose (ADDD). The ADDD variables were total usage (ADDDTOTAL), intramammary usage during lactation (ADDDIMM), usage for dry cow therapy (ADDDDCT), and usage by injection (ADDDINJ). Eighteen AMS farms and 24 CMS farms participated in a survey on factors potentially related to AMU. These farmersobial resistance were comparable between AMS and CMS farms. In conclusion, our study shows that AMU on AMS farms was similar to that of CMS farms, but AMS farmers tend to apply more injectable and fewer intramammary treatments during lactation than CMS farmers. Across both farm types, farmers' attitudes toward udder health in general and toward mastitis treatment are associated with AMU.In this study, we purified and characterized exopolysaccharide (EPS) produced by a high-EPS-producing dairy starter bacterium, Streptococcus thermophilus ASCC 1275. Crude EPS was extracted from S. thermophilus ASCC 1275 and partially purified using dialysis. Further purification and fractionation of exopolysaccharide was conducted using HPLC on a Superose 6 column (Cytiva/Global Life Sciences Solutions, Marlborough, MA). Glycosyl composition analysis, linkage analysis along with 1-dimensional and 2-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy were performed to deduce the structure of EPS. Three fractions (F) obtained from gel permeation chromatography were termed F1 (2.6%), F2 (45.8%), and F3 (51.6%) with average molecular weights of approximately 511, 40, and 5 kDa, respectively. Monosaccharide composition analysis revealed the dominance of glucose, galactose, and mannose in all 3 fractions. Major linkages observed in F3 were terminal galactopyranosyl (t-Gal), 3-linked glucopyranosyl (3-Glc), 3-linked galactofuranosyl (3-Galf), and 3,6-linked glucopyranosyl (3,6-Glc) and major linkages present in F2 were 4-Glc (48 mol%), followed by terminal mannopyranosyl (t-Man), 2- + 3-linked mannopyranosyl (2-Man+3-Man), and 2,6-linked mannopyranosyl (2,6-Man; total ~28 mol%). The 1-dimensional and 2-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy revealed that F2 comprised mannans linked by (1→2) linkages and F3 consisted of linear chains of α-d-glucopyranosyl (α-d-Glcp), β-d-glucopyranosyl (β-d-Glcp), and β-d-galactofuranosyl (β-d-Galf) connected by (1→3) linkages; branching was through (1→6) linkage in F3. A possible structure of EPS in F2 and F3 was proposed.The mode of action of bismuth subnitrate in teat sealant formulations as a preventative for intramammary infections during the dry period is unknown. Although previous studies proposed an action mechanism-creating a physical barrier in the teat canal to prevent bacterial invasion-it has not been proven experimentally. We hypothesized that bismuth subnitrate has an inhibitory effect on bacterial growth, in addition to its barrier effect. The objective of this study was to assess the effect of bismuth subnitrate on bacterial growth of major mastitis-causing agents. A strain of Streptococcus uberis (SR115), 2 strains of Staphylococcus aureus (SA3971/59 and SA1), and a strain of Escherichia coli (P17.14291) were tested in vitro for their ability to grow in the presence or absence of bismuth subnitrate. Disk diffusion testing, impedance measurement, and evaluation of bacterial growth in shaking conditions were the methods used to test this hypothesis. A reduction of growth in the presence of bismuth subnitrate occurred for all the strains tested.