Borupvincent1833
. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).Objective Subjective social status (SSS) refers to individuals' perceived position in the social hierarchy. Prior research suggests that SSS relates to health above and beyond objective socioeconomic status (OSS) such as income, occupation, or education. Most findings in this field, however, stem from cross-sectional studies or longitudinal studies with one-time measurements of SSS only. The aim of this study was to examine reciprocal longitudinal associations of both national SSS (i.e., comparison with people in one's country) and local SSS (i.e., comparison with people in one's social environment) with health-related quality of life. Method A two-wave cross-lagged panel design with a 2-year follow-up was used to analyze data for national SSS, local SSS, physical and mental health-related quality of life (PHQL and MHQL), as well as OSS from initially 2,156 individuals who participated in the German Socioeconomic Panel Study-Innovation Sample (SOEP-IS). Results Local and national SSS at baseline predicted PHQL at follow up and partially mediated associations between OSS and PHQL. Local SSS (but not national SSS) also predicted MHQL at follow-up but this association was only marginally significant after inclusion of OSS in the model. Regarding a reverse health-to-SSS pathway, PHQL (but not MHQL) at baseline predicted local and national SSS at follow-up and these associations were partially mediated by income. Conclusion This study extends cross-sectional observations by confirming that both local and national SSS have unique longitudinal associations with health and provides novel insights into longitudinal pathways linking SSS, OSS, and health. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
To better understand mechanisms influencing health in African Americans (AAs), the aims of this study were (a) to identify longitudinal cigarette smoking classes among AAs across adolescence and into young adulthood; (b) to identify risk factors for smoking and how cardiometabolic health in adulthood differs by smoking class; and (c) to investigate whether smoking mediates the relation between adolescent risk factors and adult cardiometabolic health.
This study used 4 waves of nationally representative data, restricted to an AA subsample (N = 2,009). Participants self-reported on multilevel risk factors in adolescence and smoking across adolescence and young adulthood; cardiometabolic risk was assessed in adulthood. Growth mixture modeling and structural equation modeling were conducted.
Five classes emerged nonsmoker; early onset, heavier smoking; later onset; early onset, light smoking; and maturing out or declining smoking. Predictors of class membership included living with individuals who smoke, hagest unique protective factors may be present for youth who remain nonsmokers even when their family smokes. Results have implications for health promotion and tobacco prevention efforts among AA families. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
The majority of smokers who make a quit attempt experience their first lapse within the first week of quitting, yet limited research to date has examined how the strength and direction of the relationship between smoking risk factors and lapse may change over longer periods of time. Time-varying effect modeling (TVEM) was used to address this gap.
A diverse sample (N = 325) of adult smokers completed ecological momentary assessments of risk factors for lapse for 28 days after quitting. TVEM was used to examine the relationship between risk factors (abstinence self-efficacy, positive affect, positive coping expectancies, smoking expectancies, motivation, negative affect, stress, and urge) and lapse for 28 days postquit.
Some associations were stable (e.g., negative affect, motivation), whereas others varied over time. Abstinence self-efficacy, positive affect, and positive coping expectancies were most strongly associated with lapse between Days 3 and 8 postquit. The association of urge with lapse was strongest between Days 4 and 10, as well as near the end of the quit attempt. Stress was also most strongly associated with lapse near the beginning and end of the postquit period and was the only predictor associated with lapse on quit date. The strength of the association between smoking expectancies and lapse increased over time.
There may be periods during a quit attempt when certain risk factors are more strongly related to lapse. This work has relevance for tailoring interventions designed to deliver intervention components in particular contexts or times of need. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
There may be periods during a quit attempt when certain risk factors are more strongly related to lapse. This work has relevance for tailoring interventions designed to deliver intervention components in particular contexts or times of need. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
Chronic conditions in middle and later life are associated with lower physical activity. Yet little is known about chronic condition discordance (i.e., the extent to which conditions have nonoverlapping self-management requirements) within older individuals and couples and its implications for physical activity. We determined how the degrees of chronic condition discordance at the individual level and the couple level (i.e., between spouses) were linked to moderate physical activity across an 8-year period.
The U.S. sample included 1,621 couples from five waves of the Health and Retirement Study (2006-2014). BGB-283 ic50 Dyadic growth curve models estimated how individual-level and couple-level chronic condition discordance were linked to initial levels of and rates of change in moderate activity. Models controlled for age, minority status, education, and own and partner reports of baseline negative marital quality, time-varying depressive symptoms, and time-varying number of chronic conditions.
A considerable proportion of wives (25.4%) and husbands (18.9%) reported moderate activity less than once a week. When individuals (wives β = -0.10; husbands β = -0.09) or their spouses (wives β = -0.04; husbands β = -0.05) had greater individual-level chronic condition discordance, lower initial moderate activity was reported. When husbands had greater individual-level discordance, both wives (β = -0.16) and husbands (β = -0.19) had a faster rate of decline in moderate activity over time. Couple-level chronic condition discordance was not significantly linked to moderate activity.
These findings suggest the importance of promoting physical activity among individuals and couples managing complex chronic conditions. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
These findings suggest the importance of promoting physical activity among individuals and couples managing complex chronic conditions. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).Accumulating research points to the importance of incremental theories of emotion. Yet, little is known about whether these beliefs change in adulthood across long time spans, and if so, whether such changes are prospectively linked to emotion regulation outcomes. In the present investigation, we tested how incremental theories of emotion change during college, and whether such changes are linked to emotion regulation practices. We followed 394 undergraduates as they entered and ultimately graduated from college. Focusing on the temporal dynamics of incremental theories of emotion, we found that they were somewhat stable, and their mean-level increased over time. Focusing on the correlates of such changes, we found that students who during college came to believe that emotions (but not intelligence) are more controllable, ended up using more cognitive reappraisal (but not expressive suppression) at the end of college. Similarly, students who during college came to use cognitive reappraisal (but not expressive suppression) more frequently, ended up believing that emotion (but not intelligence) is more controllable at the end of college. This pattern could not be explained by differences in initial levels or by differences in underlying affective experiences. We discuss potential implications of these findings for understanding the interplay between beliefs and emotion regulation. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).The ability to recognize others' emotions is critical for social interactions. It is widely assumed that recognizing facial expressions predominantly determines perceived categorical emotion, and contextual information only coarsely modulates or disambiguates interpreted faces. Using a novel method, inferential emotion tracking, we isolated and quantified the contribution of visual context versus face and body information in dynamic emotion recognition. Even when faces and bodies were blurred out in muted videos, observers inferred the emotion of invisible characters accurately and in high agreement based solely on visual context. Our results further show that the presence of visual context can override interpreted emotion categories from face and body information. Strikingly, we find that visual context determines perceived emotion nearly as much and as often as face and body information does. Visual context is an essential and indispensable element of emotion recognition Without context, observers can misperceive a person's emotion over time. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).In the present study, we propose that the emotional "bumps" that couples experience during relationship disagreements differ systematically among cultures. We predicted that self-assertive emotions such as anger or strength play a central role in Belgium, where they are instrumental for relational independence. In comparison, other-focused emotions such as shame or empathy for the partner should play a central role in Japan, where they support relational interdependence. Romantic couples from Belgium (n = 58) and Japan (n = 80) discussed relationship disagreements in the lab, which were video-recorded. After the interaction, participants separately rated their emotional experience during video-mediated recall. We identified the emotions that played a central role during the interactions in terms of attractors; these are the emotions around which couples stabilize and that likely play a central role in realizing different relationship ideals. In line with our predictions, attractors reflected states of the interpersonal emotional system that support independence in Belgium (e.g., angry or strong feelings) and interdependence (e.g., empathy) in Japan. Moreover, we found that-at least in Belgium-having more culturally typical interactions was associated with a stronger endorsement of culturally valued relationship ideals and, in turn, better relational functioning. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).Despite the well-documented negative effects of anxiety on task-switching (switch costs), few studies have directly tested major theoretical assumptions about (a) the specific processing component of task-switching that is impaired by anxiety, (b) anxious individuals' strategies during task-switching, and (c) the mediating role of mind wandering in the relation between anxiety and task-switching. We addressed these issues using a stochastic diffusion model analysis and novel thought-probe technique in the task-switching paradigm. Our results suggest that the locus of impaired switch costs under state anxiety lies in the efficiency of task-set reconfiguration and not in proactive interference processing. Moreover, state anxiety was associated with impaired mixing costs, which are another crucial index of task-switching. We found only partial evidence for anxious individuals' proneness to compensatory strategies during task-switching. However, no evidence was found for a mediating role of task-unrelated thoughts and a moderating role of working memory in the relation between anxiety and task-switching.
