Newellmccarthy3331
This paper reviews the batik industry in Malaysia, its wastewater generation and the available current treatment practices. It discusses integrated treatments of coagulation-flocculation and phytoremediation technology as a batik wastewater treatment process with potential utility in the batik industry. This review may become part of the guidance for the entire batik industry, especially in Malaysia.Agronomic practises, such as fertilisation and crop rotation, affect soil microbial communities and functions. However, limited information is available regarding the relative importance of fertilisation and crop rotation stages in determining the soil microbiome and assembly processes. In addition, insights into the connections between the soil microbiome and enzymatic stoichiometry are scarce. In this study, soil samples were collected from a wheat-rice rotation system that received mineral and organic fertiliser inputs for 6 years to investigate soil microbiome assembly, and the relationship between the soil microbiome and enzymatic stoichiometry. Our results revealed that the crop rotation stage strongly affected the soil microbial community structure, assembly, and enzymatic functions compared to that of the fertilisation regime. Enzymatic stoichiometry results and vector analysis implied that mineral and organic fertilisation could alleviate the microbial N limitation. However, no-manure fertilisation led to microbial P limitation during the wheat stage. The decreases in soil pH mainly drove microbial P limitation due to the acidification induced by the mineral fertilisers. Microbial N/P limitation correlated more strongly with the bacterial assembly than with fungal assembly. Moreover, co-occurrence network analysis showed that ecological relationships between microbial taxa and enzymes were more complex during the wheat stage than that during the rice stage. Microbial nodes linked to acid phosphomonoesterase correlated significantly with the soil pH. Our study highlights the distinct responses of the soil microbiome to fertilisation in different crop-rotation stages, and provides novel insights into connections between microbial assembly and enzymatic stoichiometry.Litter decomposition is a critical component of the ecological nutritional transformation process. In a copper mining area, the litter from Imperata cylindrica is the major indicator for restoring heavy metal-polluted copper mining lands. selleck chemicals llc Large amounts of litter are generated at the end of the plant growing season during the process of vegetation restoration in copper mining areas, and the microbial dynamics play an important role in soil nutrient turnover during the decomposition of litter. Investigating the characteristics and interactions of bacterial communities during litter decomposition will clarify the driving mechanisms of organic matter and nutrient cycling in copper mining areas that harbor contaminated soils. Here, we report the results of an in situ decomposition experiment that lasted for a total of 460 days from three of the 16 copper mining subdams with heavy metal pollution and different phytoremediation histories (e.g., 50, 22 and 5 years) to explore the bacterial communities as the driving risphaera, with the maximum BC value (1074.8), became the dominant genus as litter decomposition progressed. The most crucial factors that affected the litter bacterial communities were the litter pH and copper contents. The obtained results will be helpful to provide a further understanding of litter decomposition mechanisms and will provide a scientific basis for improving the effectiveness of material circulation and nutrient transformation in degraded copper mining ecosystems.Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) RNA has been extensively detected in raw wastewater in studies exploring wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) for early warning purposes. Nonetheless, only a few limited studies investigated the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in treated wastewaters to determine the potential health risks across the water cycle. The detection of SARS-CoV-2 has been done mostly by RT-qPCR and ddPCR, which only provides information on the presence of nucleic acids rather than information on potential infectivity. In this study, we set to develop and evaluate the use of viability RT-qPCR for the selective discrimination and surveillance of infectious SARS-CoV-2 in secondary-treated wastewater. Enzymatic (nuclease) and viability dye (Reagent D) pretreatments were applied to infer infectivity through RT-qPCR using porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) as a CoV surrogate. Infectivity tests were first performed on PEDV purified RNA, then on infectious and heat-inactivated PEDV, and finally on heat inactivated PEDV spiked in concentrated secondary-treated wastewater. The two viability RT-qPCR methods were then applied to 27 secondary-treated wastewater samples positive for SARS-CoV-2 RNA at the outlet of five large urban wastewater treatment plants in Portugal. Reagent D pretreatment showed similar behavior to cell culture for heat-inactivated PEDV and both viability RT-qPCR methods performed comparably to VERO E6 cell culture for SARS-CoV-2 present in secondary-treated wastewater, eliminating completely the RT-qPCR signal. Our study demonstrated the lack of infectious SARS-CoV-2 viral particles on secondary-treated wastewater through the application of two pretreatment methods for the rapid inference of infectivity through RT-qPCR, showing their potential application in environmental screening. This study addressed a knowledge gap on the public health risks of SARS-CoV-2 across the water cycle.In recent years, the scale and frequency of outbreaks of harmful algal blooms (HABs) have increased year by year due to the intensification of seawater eutrophication and global climate change. HABs have become a global marine ecological and environmental problem, which poses a serious threat to human health, marine ecological security, and economic development. The establishment of detection technology for harmful microalgae is fundamental to the early warning and prevention of HABs. To date, several detection methods have been developed for harmful microalgae, they however lack a unified classification standard. It is difficult to use a reasonable mix of all the developed methods to improve the accuracy of detection results. Here, all of the established detection methods for harmful microalgae were reviewed, including morphological structure-based detection methods, cytochrome-based detection techniques, immunoassays, and nucleic acid-based detection methods. The principles, advantages, and weaknesses of these methods were highlighted. Their application in the detection of harmful microalgae was summarized. Overall, different detection methods are suitable for different purposes. Further development of more accurate, cost-effective, efficient, and rapid detection technology is required in the future. This review is expected to provide a reference for research related to the monitoring of marine environment, early warning of HABs, and the molecular identification of harmful microalgae.
Ambient exposure to fine particulate matter (PM
) is one of the top global health concerns. We estimate the associations between in-utero and perinatal exposure to PM
and infant, neonatal and postneonatal mortality in India. We evaluate the sensitivity of this association to two widely-used exposure assessments.
We linked nationally representative anthropometric data from India's 2015-2016 Demographic and Health Survey (n=259,627 children under five across 640 districts of India) with satellite-based PM
concentrations during the month of birth of each child. We then estimated the associations between PM
from each dataset and child mortality, after controlling for child, mother and household factors including trends in time and seasonality. We examined if factors urban/rural, sex, wealth quintile and state modified the associations derived from the two datasets using Wald tests.
We found evidence that PM
impacts infant mortality primarily through neonatal mortality. The estimated association between neonatal mortality and PM
in trimester 3 was OR 1.016 (95% CI 1.003, 1.030) for every 10μg/m
increase in exposure. This association was robust to the exposure assessment used. Child sex was a significant effect modifier, with PM
impacting mortality in infant girls more than boys.
Our results revealed a robust association between ambient exposure to PM
in the latter period of pregnancy and early life with infant and neonatal mortality in India. Urgent air pollution management plans are needed to improve infant mortality in India.
Our results revealed a robust association between ambient exposure to PM2.5 in the latter period of pregnancy and early life with infant and neonatal mortality in India. Urgent air pollution management plans are needed to improve infant mortality in India.Evidence of contaminant-induced hormesis is rapidly accumulating, while the underlying mechanisms of hormesis are becoming increasingly understood. Recent developments in this research area, and especially the emergence of the nuclear factor-erythroid factor 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) as the master mechanism, suggest that contaminants can induce cardiac hormetic responses. This paper collates significant evidence of hormetic response of the heart rate of fish embryos to contaminants, in particular antibiotics, microplastics, and herbicides, characterized by a low-dose increase (tachycardia) and a high-dose decrease (bradycardia). The increase often occurs at doses about 100-800 times smaller than the no-observed-adverse-effect-level (NOAEL). There are also indications for even triphasic responses, which include a sub-hormetic decrease of the heart rate by doses over 106 times smaller than the NOAEL. Such sub-NOAEL effects cannot be captured by linear-no-threshold (LNT) and threshold models, raising concerns about environmental health and highlighting the pressing need to consider hormetic responses in the ecological risk assessment. A visionary way forward is proposed, but addressing this research bottleneck would require improved research designs with enhanced ability and statistical power to study diphasic and triphasic responses of heart rate.Poaceae pollen is highly allergenic, with a marked contribution to the pollen worldwide allergy prevalence. Pollen counts are defined by the species present in the considered area, although year-to-year oscillations may be triggered by different parameters, among which are weather conditions. Due to the predominant role of Poaceae pollen in the allergenicity in urban green areas, the aim of this study was the analysis of pollen trends and the influence of meteorology to forecast relevant variations in airborne pollen levels. The study was carried out during the 1993-2020 period in Ourense, in NW Iberian Peninsula. We used a volumetric Lanzoni VPPS 2000 trap for recording Poaceae airborne pollen grains, and meteorological daily data were obtained from the Galician Institute for Meteorology and Oceanography. The main indexes of the pollen season and their trends were calculated. A correlation analysis and 'C5.0 Decision Trees and Rule-Based Models' data mining algorithm were applied to determine the influence of meteorological conditions on pollen levels.
