Oglebrink9631

Allium sect. Cepa (Amaryllidaceae) comprises economically important plants, yet resolving the phylogenetic relationships within the section has been difficult as nuclear and chloroplast-based phylogenetic trees have been incongruent. Until now, phylogenetic studies of the section have been based on a few genes. In this study, we sequenced the complete chloroplast genome (plastomes) of four central Asian species of sect. Cepa Allium oschaninii, A. praemixtum, A. pskemense and A. galanthum. Their chloroplast (cp) genomes included 114 unique genes of which 80 coded proteins. Seven protein-coding genes were highly variable and therefore promising for future phylogenetic and phylogeographic studies. Our plastome-based phylogenetic tree of Allium sect. Cepa revealed two separate clades one comprising the central Asian species A. oschaninii, A. praemixtum, and A. pskemense, and another comprising A. galanthum, A. altaicum, and two cultivated species, A. cepa and A. fistulosum. These findings contradict previously reported phylogenies that relied on ITS and morphology. Possible explanations for this discrepancy are related to interspecific hybridization of species ancestral to A. galanthum and A. cepa followed by chloroplast capture; however, this is impossible to prove without additional data. Curzerene Our results suggest that the central Asian Allium species did not play a role in the domestication of the common onion. Among the chloroplast genes, rpoC2 was identified as a gene of choice in further phylogeographical studies of the genus Allium.Maianthemum is a genus with more than 35 species from the tribe Polygonateae (Asparagaceae), widely distributed between North to Central Americas and eastern Asia with high diversity in the eastern Himalayas to the Hengduan Mountains of SW China. Although most species from SW China form a well-supported clade, phylogenetic relationships within this clade remain unclear. With a broad level of taxon sampling and an extensive character sampling from eight DNA regions, this study intends to revisit the phylogeny and biogeography of the genus to better understand the divergence patterns of species from SW China. Phylogenetic results suggested the monophyly of Maianthemum with recognition of nine strongly supported clades, but backbone relationships among these clades remained largely uncertain. For the SW China clade, individuals from the same species are grouped into different lineages. Our results revealed that the fast radiation of the SW China clade was occurred in the eastern Himalayas, followed by subsequent radiation in the Hengduan Mountains in the Pliocene. Intercontinental disjunctions of Maianthemum in the Northern Hemisphere appear to have occurred multiple times during the late Miocene to the Pliocene, likely resulted by a combination of both vicariance and long-distance dispersal events.This study investigated the infection prevention and control measures adopted by eye care practitioners in Ghana and South Africa during the lockdown phase of the COVID-19 pandemic. A descriptive, cross-sectional study was used to investigate infection prevention and control measures by eye care practitioners in Ghana (n = 189) and South Africa (n = 92) during the extended lockdown phase (01 April-30 June 2020) by both countries, immediately following the WHO declaration of COVI9-19 as a pandemic. Participants from both countries included Ophthalmologists, Optometrists, Ophthalmic nurses, and Opticians who were invited via email and social media platforms to complete an online questionnaire. The questionnaire assessed practitioners' general knowledge on the COVID-19, viral exposure, infection prevention and control measures adopted during eye examinations. The majority of the practitioners from Ghana 140 (74%) and 43 (47%) South Africa reported COVID-19 screening at their facilities before the commencement of eye examinations. Few practitioners 77 (41%) and 9 (10)% from Ghana and South Africa, respectively had received any form of training (seminars and workshops) in COVID-19 infection prevention and control measures. Practitioners frequently practiced hand washing - Ghana (125, 66%), South Africa (70, 76%) -, wearing of nose masks - Ghana 126 (67%), South Africa 51 (55%), alcohol-rub on equipment - Ghana 115 (61%), South Africa 45(49%) as a means of sterilizing the hand and equipment against COVID-19 during close contact examinations. The majority of practitioners from the two countries adhered to basic safety protocols despite receiving no additional training on COVID-19 infection prevention. Maintenance of universal safety precautions in eye care facilities is key to preventing nosocomial infections.Liquid-Liquid Phase Separation (LLPS) is a biological phenomenon that refers to the components of similar properties form droplets condensate in cells. These droplets play an important role in maintaining the stability of order in cells. In the studies of phase separation, weak multivalent interactions between proteins have always been the focus of attentions. With the deepening research of phase separation, more and more evidences show that RNA, especially long noncoding RNA (lncRNA), also plays an important regulatory role in the phase separation. We summarized recent researches between phase separation and RNA, and focused on the function of non-coding RNA (ncRNA) in the process of phase separation. In fact, phase separation and RNA have a two-way regulation relationship. Noncoding RNA usually recruits proteins as molecular scaffolds to drive phase separation. On the other hand, phase separation is also involved in RNA transcription, transport, metabolism and other processes.Despite considerable progress in gastric cancer screening, prevention, and treatment, it remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Due to late diagnosis of the disease, early potential diagnostic biomarkers are needed. Accumulating evidence indicates that non-coding RNAs have potential applications as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers in gastric cancer. Herein, we investigated the expression levels of two novel non-coding RNAs, long intergenic non-protein coding RNA 2688 (LINC02688) and LOC25845 (PP7080) by real-time PCR for the first time in 47 gastric cancer patients. We found significant downregulation of LINC02688 and LOC25845 (PP7080) with 3.44 and 2.2-fold decrease, respectively in tumoral tissues in comparison with their adjacent non-tumoral counterparts (P less then 0.0001). Our data also indicates that more than 96% and 88% of patients showed unchanged or decreased expression of LINC02688 and LOC25845 (PP7080), respectively. As most gastric cancer patients showed lower expression of these two lncRNAs, no significant association between clinicopathological features of the patients and the level of LINC02688 and LOC25845 (PP7080) expression could be detected. Furthermore, ROC curve analysis indicated that LINC02688 and PP7080 can serve as good predictive biomarkers for distinguishing tumoral tissues from their adjacent non-tumoral counterparts. Taken together, our findings suggested that these two novel tumor suppressor non-coding RNAs may act as novel diagnostic biomarkers for diagnosis of carcinogenesis event even at earlier stages of gastric adenocarcinoma.Cancer Cachexia (CC) is a disease that changes various metabolisms in human body. Fat metabolism is significantly affected in CC, leading to fat loss. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) in adipocytes and exosomes secreted by tumor play an important role in fat loss. However, there is no related reviews summarizing how ncRNAs contribute to fat loss during CC. This review screens recent articles to summarize how ncRNAs are packaged, transported in exosomes, and play the role in fat loss. Not only does this review summarize the mechanisms, we also point out the research orientations in the future.

Yellow fever (YF) is primarily transmitted by

species of mosquitoes. Under climate change, mosquitoes and the pathogens that they carry are expected to develop faster, potentially impacting the case count and duration of YF outbreaks. The aim of this study was to determine how YF virus outbreaks in Brazil may change under future climate, using ensemble simulations from regional climate models under RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios for three time periods 2011-2040 (short-term), 2041-2070 (mid-term), and 2071-2100 (long-term).

A compartmental model was developed to fit the 2017/18YF outbreak data in Brazil using least squares optimization. To explore the impact of climate change, temperature-sensitive mosquito parameters were set to change over projected time periods using polynomial equations fitted to their relationship with temperature according to the average temperature for years 2011-2040, 2041-2070, and 2071-2100 for climate change scenarios using RCP4.5 and RCP8.5, where RCP4.5/RCP8.5 corresponds to i.

Climate change is anticipated to have an impact on mosquito-borne diseases. We found outbreaks of YF may reduce in intensity as temperatures increase in Brazil; however, temperature is not the only factor involved with disease transmission. Other factors must be explored to determine the attributable impact of climate change on mosquito-borne diseases.

Climate change is anticipated to have an impact on mosquito-borne diseases. We found outbreaks of YF may reduce in intensity as temperatures increase in Brazil; however, temperature is not the only factor involved with disease transmission. Other factors must be explored to determine the attributable impact of climate change on mosquito-borne diseases.

To assess the gain in detection of epileptiform abnormalities in 24-hour EEG recordings following the first seizure.

We identified patients who underwent 24-hour video EEG (VEEG) with "first seizure" as an indication. We noted the presence or absence of epileptiform discharges (EDs) in the VEEG study and the latency for the appearance of such discharges. We compared the rate of EDs during the initial 60 min with those occurring only later during the recording.

Data from 25 patients, aged 15 to 59, were included. Of the 11 patients with EDs, eight (73%) appeared only after 60 min of recording. This equates to a 32% absolute increase in the detection of EDs across all patients. The latency to first EDs varied from one to 1080 min with a median of 170 min. In four cases, actual subtle seizures were recorded.

This study suggests an increase in the detection of EDs with the 24-hour studies compared to the traditional shorter recordings, in the context of a first seizure.

A standard EEG can be performed close to the seizure, followed by a longer up to 24-hour recording if the initial shorter study is unrevealing.

A standard EEG can be performed close to the seizure, followed by a longer up to 24-hour recording if the initial shorter study is unrevealing.Rapid technological advances in transcriptomics and lineage tracing technologies provide new opportunities to understand organismal development at the single-cell level. Building on these advances, various computational methods have been proposed to infer developmental trajectories and to predict cell fate. These methods have unveiled previously uncharacterized transitional cell types and differentiation processes. Importantly, the ability to recover cell states and trajectories has been evolving hand-in-hand with new technologies and diverse experimental designs; more recent methods can capture complex trajectory topologies and infer short- and long-term cell fate dynamics. Here, we summarize and categorize the most recent and popular computational approaches for trajectory inference based on the information they leverage and describe future challenges and opportunities for the development of new methods for reconstructing differentiation trajectories and inferring cell fates.