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This narrative review aims to summarize the historical steps of clubfoot treatment in Italy, identifying the centuries-old historical advancement in the deformity management and the most influent involved people.

Clubfoot, also referred to as congenital talipes equinovarus, is a relatively common deformity that has significative consequences in the child if it is left untreated. Effective and early treatment of clubfoot has been praised as one of the most successful practice of modern pediatric orthopedics and both surgical and conservative techniques have been proposed over the decades. As an example, Codivilla's posteromedial release (PMR) has been known internationally as one of the milestones of surgical treatment.

The narrative review includes clinical studies and reviews concerning clubfoot that were written in English, German and Italian. As an historical review, no limits of years were considered. The search was performed using PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, Medline and Cochrane Library databases up to January 2021. A combination of search terms including 'history', 'clubfoot', 'conservative management', 'Codivilla', 'Ponseti method', 'relapse' was utilized. Particular attention was given to papers written by Italian authors.

Current clubfoot treatment arises from several studies and clinical research over the centuries. Many surgeons, starting from mid-16th century, have studied the deformity trying to find a successful and effective technique to achieve full correction. Italian scientists, surgeons and prestigious institutions surely took part in this process.

Current clubfoot treatment arises from several studies and clinical research over the centuries. Many surgeons, starting from mid-16th century, have studied the deformity trying to find a successful and effective technique to achieve full correction. Italian scientists, surgeons and prestigious institutions surely took part in this process.Congenital clubfoot (CF) was first described by Hippocrates in approximately 400 B.C. In ancient China, manipulations were widely used to correct CF, but the outcomes were frequently unsatisfactory with residual deformity even if corrective devices were used. The advent of aseptic surgery and anesthesia has favored the development of different surgical procedures to manage children with CF. Surgical treatment became extremely popular in China during the years 1960-1990 due to the good clinical foot appearance post-surgery. However, the poor mid- to long-term results of surgical treatment facilitated the return of conservative treatment, i.e., the Ponseti technique. Over the past decade, the Ponseti technique has become very popular in China. The Ponseti technique is essentially conservative and it is based on a good understanding of CF pathophysiology. Casts are changed once a week and Achilles tenotomy is performed if equinus persists at the end of treatment. Although highly successful on the short to mid-term, the Ponseti technique is not able to completely eradicate surgery, and recurrence is still possible. As the etiology of CF is still unclear, the first mission for doctors and researchers all over the world is to truly understand the pathogenesis of the deformity. Even though genetics seems to play an important role, successful gene therapy is still a distant goal. This narrative review aims to investigate the history of CF treatment in China, to describe its tortuous process and to potentially inspire new ideas to create new effective methods of treatment.Clubfoot is the most frequent congenital deformity involving the foot. Little is known about the management of this disease in the Middle East as sparse data is available in the literature. Through the last 5 decades, congenital clubfoot management in the Middle East went from manipulation through Kite's technique in the late seventies, to early primary surgical intervention in the late eighties and early nineties of the previous century, and then back to manipulation with Ponseti's technique and the French functional technique in the late nineties, with the latter falling out of favor with time. This is comparable to the evolution of management witnessed in the United States and in Europe, with 10 to 15 years of delay. The delay is getting shorter with time due to the easier access to published scientific data and the increasing number of fellows from Middle East travelling to referral centers in Europe and the USA. A survey was performed among pediatric orthopedic surgeons in the Middle East to assess their approach to clubfoot management. This is the first survey of its kind in the region. It showed a wide adoption (97.1%) of the Ponseti's technique with serial manipulation and casting, Achilles tenotomy followed by abduction bracing. Divergent practices were found concerning the upper age limit for Ponseti treatment and the setting of the Achilles tenotomy. Nevertheless, these subjects are still a matter of debate in the literature and international conferences. All in all, pediatric orthopedic surgeons in the Middle East are offering their patients the gold standard of care. However, lot of work is to be done in raising awareness for this disease in the community, and among our colleagues as prenatal screening for clubfoot in the Middle East is practically nonexistent.Clinicians worldwide have embraced Ponseti's nonoperative approach in the treatment of clubfoot, primarily due to ubiquitous reports of successful outcomes. A crucial component in this measured success, has come from researchers assessing long-term physical function following nonoperative treatment. Gait analysis has been instrumental in objectively evaluating lower extremity kinematics and kinetics while plantar pressures demonstrate the load bearing patterns experienced in the foot. As technology improves, our ability to evaluate function can take place both in the laboratory setting, and in the community. For over 20 years, our institution has been studying the gait patterns of children treated for clubfoot. After adopting the nonoperative approach, we established a prospective research program that has allowed us to study functional outcomes in the very young walker, through growth to adolescents, and finally at skeletal maturity. We have seen over 450 children treated for clubfoot in the Movement Science Lab, for over 1,250 gait assessments over the span of this study. Early results in 105 children (154 feet) treated nonoperatively for clubfoot, showed 56% of children had normal sagittal plane ankle kinematics, however an incidence of 48% of Ponseti feet had increased dorsiflexion in stance phase, leading us to wonder if this was the result of the tenotomy. Intermediate follow up at age 5 years, showed that the incidence of increased dorsiflexion was reduced (24%) and ankle power did not appear to be affected (P>0.05 compared to controls). The research highlighted in this paper presents the application of functional evaluation through growth and the long-term effects of nonoperative treatment on gait and function. This is a review of the functional outcome studies from our experience at Scottish Rite for Children.Despite the widespread use of the Ponseti method for treatment of clubfeet, there continue to be a significant number of patients who present with a severe, stiff clubfoot as a result of extensive intra-articular soft tissue release or lack of access to care. In such patients, circular external fixators can be utilized for deformity correction with distraction across soft tissues, joints, and osteotomies. Ilizarov or hexapod circular fixators may be utilized according to surgeon preference. Indications for soft tissue release and osteotomies to aid in correction of clubfoot deformity with Ilizarov and hexapod fixators are not standardized and are guided by patient age, joint congruity, soft tissue suppleness, and osseous deformity. Correction time varies according to clubfoot deformity severity. Following deformity correction, external fixators are left in place for several weeks to stabilize the soft tissues and allow for osteotomy healing. Complications range from relatively minor pin tract infections that resolve with oral antibiotics to tarsal tunnel syndrome, osteomyelitis, or disabling arthritis requiring revision procedures. At Scottish Rite Hospital for Children, we prefer to correct severe residual clubfoot deformity with a hexapod external fixator. Acute correction and gradual correction via distraction are considered for each segmental deformity and utilized to efficiently correct deformity while minimizing soft tissue trauma. The purpose of this article is to summarize the relevant literature related to circular external fixator treatment of recurrent clubfoot deformity and outline our approach to the segmental deformities of the foot and ankle in this patient population.The Ponseti Method is recognized as the best treatment for congenital idiopathic clubfoot in newborns and its principles became also adopted for treating older children with neglected deformity. This review aims to evaluate the role and effectiveness of serial casting in the treatment of neglected clubfoot, worldwide. Clubfoot is a complex tridimensional congenital foot deformity that can be easily treated after birth by correct manipulation of the foot and serial casting, with a great majority of cases requiring a percutaneous Achilles tenotomy, which can be organized as an ambulatory day procedure, without need for general anesthesia. However, in many low-income countries, treatment is not readily available, and many children grow up with disabling foot deformities. When compared to a newborn's clubfoot, a neglected clubfoot is different and more challenging to treat, as bones become ossified while malaligned and exposed to abnormal forces. Application of the Ponseti method in children with untreated idiopathic clubfoot older than walking age leads to satisfactory outcomes, has a low cost, and avoids surgical procedures likely to cause complications. The upper age limit for the use of Ponseti Method in clubfoot treatment is yet to be established. Success of clubfoot treatment is mostly defined as a pain-free, aesthetically acceptable plantigrade foot, with no need for extensive surgical tissue release after casting and tenotomy. The results of the Ponseti method for the treatment of clubfoot in children after the walking age are encouraging, with more than 80% of success in achieving initial correction and 18-62.5% of relapses. If Ponseti casting is not successful, any further interventions should be carefully selected and planned, in order to maintain the length of the foot and avoid intracapsular scarring or bony fusions.The management of idiopathic clubfoot has transformed over the past several decades as the Ponseti method for the correction of this deformity became the standard of care, and surgical release has almost all but been abandoned. The Ponseti method has shown very high initial success rate and excellent long-term functional results. Relapse of the deformity, however, continues to be a major problem, occurring in up to 40% of patient, and there is no consensus on the definition and management of the relapsed clubfoot. CDK and cancer This review discusses the available management options for the treatment of a relapsed clubfoot deformity following initial treatment with the Ponseti method [including repeat casting, tendo-Achilles lengthening, plantar fascia release, and tibialis anterior tendon transfer (TATT)] as well as following initial surgical treatment with posteromedial release (including casting, hemiepiphysiodesis, revised posteromedial release, osteotomies, fusion, and the use of gradual distraction with external fixators).