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These dietary changes lead to significant increases in the body mass index and the probability of being overweight/obese and pre-diabetic among adults. For children, the same increases in overweight are not observed. Instead, supermarket shopping increases child height-for-age Z-scores. Despite higher food processing levels, supermarkets enhance food variety and dietary diversity in the relatively poor households. selleck kinase inhibitor The results confirm that the growth of supermarkets affects adult and child nutrition differently; while the effects on adults are negative, the effects on children are positive, especially in the Kenyan context where child undernutrition is still widespread. Better understanding the effects of changing food environments on different age cohorts and in different contexts is important to design strategies that can help to make food choices in LMICs healthier. More research in different geographical settings will be useful.Some of the biggest global issues are poor diets, environmental concerns, and poverty. To tackle malnutrition, fast-growing lifestyle diseases such as diabetes, environmental concerns like climate change, land and water scarcity, and poverty, we need to incorporate dietary and on-farm diversity. These issues should be treated in unison, but also with more holistic solutions. Mainstreaming "traditional" Smart Foods back as staples across Africa and Asia is part of the "Smart Food" approach. Smart Foods are food items that fulfill the criteria of being good for you, the planet, and the farmer. link= selleck kinase inhibitor Sorghum and millet were selected as the first Smart Foods and a participatory fun-filled approach was adopted to create awareness, to develop culturally acceptable products, and to bring about behavior change to improve adoption, dietary diversity, and nutritional status. Smart Food piloted these activities in Myanmar to understand its potential on the consumer market. link2 Smart Food was promoted in different countries through social media competitions in Mali, cooking shows in Kenya and India, recipe development by popular chefs in Paris and London, as well as school feeding programs in Tanzania and India, and an international millet festival in Niger. As a case study in Myanmar, we compared two approaches to introduce Smart Food - one which directly introduces new products and one which takes a culturally sensitive participatory and inclusive approach. The later approach resulted in the development of 27 recipes, in contrast with the former approach, which accepted only 3 of the 13 products tested. The 27 products developed locally exhibited superior nutrient values compared to usual rice porridge. The Smart Food initiative is demonstrating the potential to make a difference in society and for the environment, thus contributing to a major impact on leading global issues such as dietary diversity, improved nutritional status, and adapting to climate change.This research was carried out to investigate the extent to which gender marginalization or bias could contribute to the burdens of hidden hunger in the region of Buea, Cameroon. link2 The research was carried out in two phases in five rural communities (Tole, Mile 16, Muea, Mamu, and Lysoka). The first part was conducted through physical survey and observation in homes and dispensaries in the five rural communities within Buea. The second phase was carried out through the sampling of 2,500 questionnaires, consisting of 500 each in the same five rural communities. Observation proves that women have greater needs for micronutrients. Most of the sick women found in homes and dispensaries were being marginalized and had nutrition-related symptoms. Some of the common illnesses observed in these five communities were anemia, weakness/fatigue, numbness/cramps, cardiac-associated disorders, and loss of retentive memory. Most of these women enter into early traditional marriage (which deprives women from rightful living) with little or no education. These women are marginalized in terms of financial autonomy, decision making, inheritance, ownership of land and other natural resources, and education and training. National governments and international organizations must take a cohesive approach to confronting hidden hunger, otherwise it will not get the attention it deserves. Only when government agencies and international organizations, such as those concerned with agriculture, public health, education, welfare, and other regulatory affairs, form a united front to empower women and improve food and nutrition security, will the burdens of malnutrition be seen to be easily eradicated.Despite implementation of the organized seed program, there exists an alarming gap between the demand and supply of quality seeds. The immediate increase in the productivity and production of these crops can be achieved by a higher distribution of quality seeds of high-yielding varieties. In this context, the concept of a seed village is gaining momentum. Bearing the above facts in mind, Krishi Vigyan Kendra (KVK), Central Arid Zone Research Institute (CAZRI), Pali, India, introduced the seed village program to selected villages in the year 2018 to 2019. Under this initiative, quality seeds of improved varieties of prominent local crops were distributed by the KVK to the identified farmers in the area as per an annual program. A number of training sessions on seed production technology were also arranged for technology empowerment of the participating farmers in the seed villages, and they were also trained for isolation distance, sowing techniques, seed treatment, off-type plant, and other agronomic practices. The farmers used these quality seeds and undertook their own seed multiplication within the operational area, which showed a considerable spread of improved varieties in nearby villages. For wheat, from an initial start of 10 farmers the variety spread to 8 villages covering 17 ha of area. For barley, the varietal spread was observed in 10 villages covering an area of 20 ha. In the case of chickpea, the variety spread to an area of 19 ha, with mustard the spread included 8 villages covering an area of 30 ha, with green gram the spread included 7 villages covering an area of 15 ha, and in the case of sesame the spread included 9 villages covering an area of 33 ha. Thus, there is vast scope to produce quality seeds in most crops for which the seed village concept is a practical approach and needs to be promoted to facilitate the production and timely distribution of quality seeds of desired varieties at the village level.This paper provides an overview of the role of food systems in improving diets and addressing all forms of malnutrition, drawing on the experience of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and its partners. Firstly, it highlights the growing momentum for food systems' contribution to nutrition outcomes, against a recent resurgence in the number of people suffering from hunger, slow progress in stunting among children, and the emergence of an obesity crisis and related health implications. Secondly, it reviews the Global Panel and CFS-HLPE conceptual frameworks linking food systems to diet and nutrition, as these have significant implications for identifying nutrition-oriented food systems policies and actions. Thirdly, the paper illustrates recent initiatives that support global food systems governance and policy coherence. This includes the CFS multi-stakeholder process for the development of Voluntary Guidelines on Food Systems for Nutrition and five FAO regional symposia on "Sustainable Food Systems for Healthy Diets and Improved Nutrition." Fourthly, the paper provides examples of how the development of food systems policy options is being supported at country level, and in particular how various policy options are being framed (IFPRI, Nuffield Council, World Bank). Lastly, the need to build the evidence base at global and country levels to inform food systems policy options is put into sharp focus, using examples from IFPRI's development of a research agenda for healthier diets in Ethiopia, the annual State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World, and the FAO/WHO Global Individual Food Consumption Data Tool platform.There is increasing concern regarding how to sustainably meet the basic needs of a growing population with a continuously decreasing resource base. This study analyses the water-energy-food nexus in Burundi. The country experiences challenging demographic pressures which increase the demand for food, energy, and freshwater. link3 Yet strategies developed to meet requirements lead to natural resource depletion and degradation. Being a resource-poor country, the population depends mainly on agriculture for food, labor, and income. In order to increase food production, agriculture was intensified using traditional methods, mainly by clearing new, mostly marginal land, increasing cultivation cycles per year. The overexploitation of land decreased the soil fertility and yields, and increased deforestation and soil erosion. This has resulted in mass impoverishment of farmers and a growing malnutrition rate in the countryside. On the other hand, poverty often correlates directly with the type of energy supply and food security. Energy is provided mainly by biomass through firewood, charcoal, peat, and agricultural residues, which implies further deforestation. These factors increase the pressure on existing forest areas both for the reclamation of new agricultural land and for the production of firewood and charcoal. selleck kinase inhibitor link3 Finally, Burundi is classified by the UN as a country with economic water scarcity due to the population growth rate, low level of education, and a high poverty rate. The economic water scarcity is closely linked to energy production and to agriculture. More hydropower could reduce the extent of deforestation. The high deforestation rate reduces the infiltration rate (less groundwater recharge) and increases surface run-off. The latter is leading to higher erosion and loss of soil fertility, thus influencing agriculture and food security negatively.Home to a significant proportion of the world's population, India is one of the hardest hit countries when it comes to malnutrition. While the magnitude of malnutrition in India is vast, it is also unevenly spread due to inequalities of the social, political, and economic situation. As part of the special initiative of the German Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ), "One World - No Hunger," GIZ is implementing a Global Program on "Food and Nutrition Security, Enhanced Resilience" (FaNS) in 12 countries, including India. The GIZ FaNS program, in agreement with the Department of Food and Public Distribution, Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution on a central level, and the Department of Women and Child Development in Madhya Pradesh, aims to improve food security and nutrition diversity for women in the reproductive age group (15-49 years) and young children (6-23 months) in the districts of Sheopur and Chhatarpur in Madhya Pradesh. The present study, conducted in the stal in improving the dietary diversity and food security status of families, irrespective of prevailing inequalities.