Bensonlittle5785

Theileria, one of the causative agents of blood protozoan, has brought a huge economic loss to the cattle industry worldwide. However, the epidemiology of Theileria in Chinese cattle has not been systematically investigated. This comprehensive review aimed at investigating the prevalence of Theileria infection in cattle in China. A total of 48 published papers on Theileria infection in cattle in China (including data from 21,366 animals) from inception to October 8, 2021 met the inclusion standard after searching in five databases (Technology Periodical Database, Wan Fang Database, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, PubMed, and ScienceDirect). The pooled prevalence of Theileria in cattle in China was 32.4% identified by using a random effects model. The prevalence in Northeastern China (45.3%) was higher than that in other regions. In the sex subgroup, the prevalence of Theileria was higher in females (48.9%) than that in males (45.8%). The prevalence of Theileria was higher in cattle of free range (34.4%) compared with that of intensive farming (22.3%). The prevalence prior to 2013 (36.1%) was higher than that after 2013 (33.6%). Among three cattle species, dairy cows had the lowest prevalence (21.5%). The prevalence of Theileria (T.) annulata (22.2%) and T. sergenti (26.2%) was higher than other species of Theileria (T. buffeli 17.5%, T. luwenshuni 0.9%, T. orientalis 15.5%, T. ovis 0.21%, T. sinensis 20.2%, T. uilenbergi 6.2%, Others 0.9%). We also analyzed the impact of different geographic factor subgroups (longitude, latitude, precipitation, temperature, humidity, and altitude) on the prevalence of Theileria in cattle. Among them, climatic factors of longitude, latitude, precipitation, humidity, temperature were associated with the prevalence of Theileria. These analyses suggested that Theileria was common in cattle in China. Targeted prevention programs based on geographic and climatic conditions in different areas may play an important role in reducing Theileria infection among cattle.Escherichia coli is considered the main cause of intestinal and extra-intestinal infections, they have virulence mechanisms in different pathotypes and the ability to receive or transmit antimicrobial resistance genes. The aim of this work was to investigate the antibacterial and antimicrobial modulating activity of α-pinene and borneol against E. coli and enteropathogenic (EPEC) and enterotoxigenic (ETEC) serotypes. The broth microdilution methodology with multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli, EPEC and ETEC was used to determine the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and evaluation of the modulating activity of antibiotics (ciprofloxacin, sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim and metronidazole) of α-pinene and borneol. It was concluded that α-pinene and borneol showed a low antimicrobial action against multi-resistant E. coli, however, this action was not observed against the EPEC and ETEC serotypes. A synergistic action of borneol associated with ciprofloxacin against ETEC was noted.Drug-eluting contact lens can substitute the multiple eye drop therapy. However, loading hydrophobic drug like cyclosporine in the contact lens is very challenging, due to low drug uptake (via soaking method); and alteration in the swelling and optical properties which restricts its clinical application. To address the above issues, graphene oxide (GO, large surface area with oxygen containing functional groups) was incorporated in the contact lenses during fabrication. These GO-laden contact lenses (SM-GO-Cys) as well as blank contact lenses (SM-Cys) were soaked in the solution of cyclosporine. Alternatively, cyclosporine-laden contact lenses (DL-Cys-20) and cyclosporine-GO-laden contact lenses (DL-Cys-20-GO) were fabricated by adding drug and drug-GO (at various level of GO) during fabrication, respectively. Contact angle and swelling data showed increase in water holding capacity of GO laden contact lenses. Optical property was significantly improved due to molecular dispersion of drug on the surface of GO sheets. The drug uptake and in vitro release profile was improved with GO-laden contact lenses by soaking method (SM-GO-Cys-400n) due to hydrophobic interactions between GO and drug. Adding cyclosporine-GO (DL-Cys-20-GO-800n) during fabrication significantly improved drug release kinetics with higher drug leaching (during extraction and sterilization) due to increased swelling, improved dissolution and molecular dispersion of drug on GO sheets. Ocular irritation and histopathological studies demonstrated the safety of GO-contact lens. The in vivo drug release studies in the rabbit eye showed significant improvement in mean residence time (MRT) and area under the curve (AUC) using DL-Cys-20-GO-800n contact lens compared to eye drop solution with reduction in protein adherence value. The study demonstrated that the incorporation of GO into the contact lens can control the release of cyclosporine as well as improved the lens swelling and transmittance properties.The incidence of corneal fungal infections continues to be a growing concern worldwide. Ocular delivery of anti-fungal drugs is challenging due to the anatomical and physiological barriers of the eye. The ocular bioavailability of ketoconazole (KTZ), a widely prescribed antifungal agent, is hampered by its limited aqueous solubility and permeation. In the study, the physicochemical properties of KTZ were improved by complexation with sulfobutylether-β-cyclodextrin (SBE-β-CD).KTZ-SBE-β-CD complex was studied in silico with docking and dynamics simulations, followed by wet-lab experiments.The optimized KTZ-SBE-β-CD complex was loaded into a thermosensitivein situ gel to increase corneal bioavailability. The supramolecular complex increased the solubility of KTZ by 5-folds and exhibited a 10-fold increment in drug release compared to the pure KTZ. Owing to the diffusion, thein situ gel exhibited a more sustained drug release profile. Theex vivocorneal permeation studies showed higher permeation from KTZ-SBE-β-CD in situ gel (flux of ∼19.11 µg/cm2/h) than KTZin situ gel (flux of ∼1.17 µg/cm2/h). The cytotoxicity assays and the hen's egg chorioallantoic membrane assay (HET-CAM) confirmed the formulations' safety and non-irritancy. In silico guided design of KTZ-SBE-β-CD inclusion complexes successfully modified the physicochemical properties of KTZ. In addition, the loading of the KTZ-SBE-β-CD complex into an in situ gel significantly increased the precorneal retention and permeation of KTZ, indicating that the developed formulation is a viable modality to treat fungal keratitis.The implementation of continuous pharmaceutical manufacturing requires advanced control strategies rather than traditional end product testing or an operation within a small range of controlled parameters. A high level of automation based on process models and hierarchical control concepts is desired. The relevant tools that have been developed and successfully tested in academic and industrial environments in recent years are now ready for utilization on the commercial scale. To date, the focus in Process Analytical Technology (PAT) has mainly been on achieving process understanding and quality control with the ultimate goal of real-time release testing (RTRT). This work describes the workflow for the development of an in-line monitoring strategy to support PAT-based real-time control actions and its integration into solid dosage manufacturing. All stages are discussed in this paper, from process analysis and definition of the monitoring task to technology assessment and selection, its process integration and the development of data acquisition.Rising consumer demands for safer, more natural, and sustainable topical products have led to increased interest in finding alternative excipients, while retaining functionality and cosmetic appeal. Particle-stabilized Pickering creams have emerged as possible alternatives to replace traditional surfactant-stabilized creams and are thus one of the focuses in this study. The aim of this paper was to study relationships between sensorial characteristics and physical properties to understand how different excipients affect these aspects, comparing one starch particle-stabilized and three surfactant-stabilized formulations. A human panel was used to evaluate sensorial perception, while physical properties were deduced by rheology and tactile friction, together with in vivo and ex vivo skin hydration measurements. The results show that sensorial attributes related to the application phase can be predicted with rheology, while afterfeel attributes can be predicted with tactile friction studies. Differences in rheological and sensory properties among surfactant-based creams could mainly be attributed to the type of emollients used, presence of thickeners and surfactant composition. https://www.selleckchem.com/products/a2ti-1.html Differences between surfactant-based creams and a Pickering cream were more evident in relation to the afterfeel perception. Presence of starch particles in the residual film on skin results in high tactile friction and low perception of residual coating, stickiness, greasiness, and slipperiness in sensorial afterfeel.As the downstream effectors of Hippo pathway, YAP/TAZ are identified to participate in organ growth, regeneration and tumorigenesis. However, owing to lack of a DNA-binding domain, YAP/TAZ usually act as coactivators and cooperate with other transcription factors or partners to mediate their transcriptional outputs. In this article, we first present an overview of the core components and the upstream regulators of Hippo-YAP/TAZ signaling in mammals, and then systematically summarize the identified transcription factors or partners that are responsible for the downstream transcriptional output of YAP/TAZ in various cancers.Standard treatment of colorectal cancer (CRC) improves the prognosis of CRC patients, but it is still intractable to control the progression of metastatic CRC. Immune microenvironment and immunotherapies of CRC have received extensive attention in recent years, but present immunotherapies of CRC have mainly focused on T cells and therapeutic response is only observed in a small proportion of patients. Innate immune cells are the first-line of defense in the development of malignancies. Natural killer (NK) cells, NKT cells and γδT cells are three types of innate cells of lymphoid origin and show cytotoxicity against various tumor cells including CRC. Besides, in the development of CRC, they can also be inhibited or express regulatory type, promoting tumor progression. Researches about anti-tumorigenic and pro-tumorigenic mechanisms of these cells are ongoing and regulation of these cells is also being unearthed. Meanwhile, immunotherapies using these cells more or less have shown efficacy in animal models and some of them are under exploration in clinical trials. This review provides an overview of intrinsic properties of NK cell, NKT cell and γδT cell, and summarizes current related promising treatment strategies.This study aimed to elucidate the interactions between osteosarcoma (OS) and M1 macrophages infiltrated into the tumor microenvironment and to explore the underlying mechanisms whereby M1 macrophages influence the growth of OS, so that novel treatments of OS can be developed. A transwell co-culture system, an indirect conditioned medium culture system and two orthotopic bearing OS models were established to assess for the interplay between M1 macrophages and OS. We found that the co-culture of M1 macrophages with OS cells significantly inhibited the growth of the tumor cells by inducing apoptosis. Furthermore, HSPA1L secreted by M1 macrophages exerted this anti-tumor effect through the IRAK1 and IRAK4 pathways. LGALS3BP secreted by OS cells bound to the ligand LGALS3 on M1 macrophages and thereby induced the secretion of Hspa11 via Akt phosphorylation. In vivo experiments demonstrated that the culture supernatant of OS-stimulated M1 macrophages significantly inhibited the growth of OS, whereas silencing Lgals3bp promoted the progression of OS.