Pittsmayo2524

Lactose is mostly hydrolysed in the small intestine, whereas lactulose, recognised prebiotic carbohydrate, reaches the colon to be fermented by the intestinal microbiota. Digestibility of these substrates was investigated by an in vitro digestion model using a Rat Small Intestine Extract (RSIE). A kinetic study of lactose digestion showed levels of hydrolysis (82.8%) at 0.2 mg*mL-1 and the highest hydrolysis rate constant (kobt). Considering these conditions, lactulose showed high resistance to intestinal digestion by RSIE, resulting in low hydrolysis degrees (20.4%) after 5 h reaction. These results underline the suitability of these intestinal extracts under the studied conditions, as a reliable tool to evaluate carbohydrate digestion and support the evidences towards the higher resistance of galactosyl-fructose linkages during its intestinal degradation. As the accumulation of mercury ions has a detrimental impact on human health, the design and development of a new type of biosensor that can rapidly, sensitively and selectively detect Hg2+ in aqueous solutions are essential. In this study, we have developed an exonuclease III (ExoIII) and Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) dependent isothermal amplification (ETDA) colorimetric biosensor. The template sequence is a hairpin where -NH2 is labeled at the 3'-end and both termini are T-rich sequences. In the presence of Hg2+, the template formed a blunt end, and the catalytic activity of ExoIII was activated with cleavage of the -NH2 at the 3'-end. TdT enzyme activity was initiated with the formation of a large number of G-rich nucleic acid sequences. G-rich sequences incubated with iron (III)-hemin mimicked peroxidase-like activity, catalyzing the oxidation of 3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) in the presence of H2O2. The biosensor constructed in this paper had a good linear range, 1-25 nmol/L. Its detection limit was 0.41 nmol/L (3σ), and recovery rates were between 100.5% and 103%. In conclusion, combined with the colorimetric biosensor and double enzyme cyclic amplification reaction, an ultra-sensitivity and strong specificity detection method was developed to detect Hg2+. At the same time, this method also expands the detection method of Hg2+ available in the literature. In this study, starch was isolated from 13 genotypes of 12 Lycoris species, and the morphology, granule size distribution and physicochemical properties, including apparent amylose content (AAC), Rapid Visco Analyzer (RVA) pasting properties, textural properties, thermal and retrogradation properties were characterized. The majority of starch granules of the 13 Lycoris genotypes were oval in shape, and granule size followed a normal distribution with a mean diameter of 20-30 μm. Contrary to previously published findings, the XRD results revealed that lycoris starches had either C-type or CA-type crystallinity. All lycoris starches showed high AAC varying from 25.6% to 32.7%, and low gelatinization temperature (GT) ranging from 58.8 to 69.7℃. Inter-relationships among 18 starch quality traits were analyzed based on correlation analysis. The present study provides information on lycoris starch characteristics which should serve as a useful guide for later studies on lycoris starch utilization in food and non-food industries. Heavy metal contamination is one of the most pressing concerns for food security and human health. Understanding the risk to human health posed by soil pollution that enters the food chain is paramount. Here, we systematically assessed potential risks due to heavy metal (Cd, Cr, Pb, Hg, and As) contamination in soil and crops (2241 pairs of soil and crop (78 species) samples) in the Pearl River Delta urban agglomeration of China. Cadmium was the most common pollutant among all the heavy metals identified in soil and crops. The greatest risk of Cd ingestion from leaf and root vegetable consumption was concentrated within Huizhou. The highest risks to human health from heavy metals were found in rice and maize. This is the first time that the risk to human health from heavy metal contamination in soil and crops, and their associated spatial risk pattern, in China have been assessed systematically. Fumonisins (FBs) exist widely in crops, foods and feeds. Consumption of FBs contaminated corn can cause oesophageal cancer. So it is necessary to develop sensitivity methods for its detection. Here, we report an enhanced assay for rapid and ultra-sensitive detection of FBs based on nanomagnetic beads (NMBs) and antibody-biotin-streptavidin-HRP. Because antibody-BNHS can bind with several number of streptavidin-HRP, the signal amplification of the catalytical oxidation of TMB was enhanced. The detection limit of sensor was down to 0.21 ng mL-1 with a linear range from 0.31 to 162.42 ng mL-1. Since NMBs provide a nearly "in solution" reaction, they lead to a shortened reaction time (22 min) than that of flat solid-phase based traditional assay. Furthermore, the recoveries obtained by standard FBs spiked to maize samples were from 100.6 to 107.3%. This enhanced assay supplied a rapid, sensitive and reliable method for detection of FBs in maize. BACKGROUND Considerable studies have been undertaken to assess fathers' feelings and experiences during labor and delivery of their partner, however, investigation describing first-time fathers' coping strategies at elective cesarean delivery remains under explored. AIM To assess and determine the Coping Strategies of first-time fathers at elective cesarean delivery, by looking at both first-time and second time fathers, separately. STUDY DESIGN A quantitative design was utilized in this investigation. SUBJECTS A total of 52 fathers, of whom 28 first-time fathers, whose partner had planned elective cesarean section, and 54 fathers, of whom 25 first-time fathers, whose partner had scheduled induction of labor at term. OUTCOME MEASURES The Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations (CISS; Endler & Parker, 1990) was the main tool used to explore by Task-, Emotion- and Avoidance-oriented coping subscales, the feelings and experiences of the expectant fathers relative to the labor and delivery of their partners. RESULTS Findings indicated that Avoidance-oriented coping values were significantly higher in first-time fathers at elective cesarean section compared to those at in first-time fathers at scheduled induced vaginal delivery (50.93 ± 12.80 vs 40.71 ± 9.38, p  less then  0.001), presenting with the highest percentile (82° centile). In addition, the Avoidance-oriented coping subscale significantly correlated with the subscales assessing Avoidance through Social interaction (rho = 0.90, p  less then  0.001) and Avoidance based on distraction (rho = 0.63, p  less then  0.001). CONCLUSION Findings revealed that first-time fathers at elective cesarean section presented significantly higher Avoidance-oriented coping strategies, through Social interaction and based on distraction, in comparison to first-time fathers whose partner had scheduled induction of labor at term. Large quantities of chemical warfare agents (CWAs), such as phenylarsenic chemicals, were disposed by sea-dumping after World War II. Nowadays, the release of these toxic chemicals from munitions poses a potential threat to living organisms. This study investigates the fate of these chemicals in fish by exposing selected CWA-related phenylarsenic chemicals and their oxidation products to cod (Gadus morhua) liver S9 fraction in vitro. Clark I (DA), Adamsite (DM) and their corresponding oxidation products as well as triphenylarsine oxide (TPA[ox]) and phenylarsonic acid (PDCA[ox]) were used as chemicals in in vitro experiments. Glutathione (GSH) conjugates of DA, DM and PDCA-related chemicals were found to be the most dominant metabolites, and methylated metabolites were detected as well, suggesting that these compounds are metabolised in the presence of cod liver enzymes. TPA[ox] was the only compound tested that did not form a GSH conjugate or methylated metabolite, indicating a different biotransformation pathway for this compound. Furthermore, hydroxylated metabolites were detected for each tested chemical. Due to their reactive nature, GSH conjugates may be difficult to detect in fish samples from CWA dumpsites. In contrast, both methylated and hydroxylated metabolites of phenylarsenic chemicals are promising target chemicals for the detection of CWA-related contamination in fish. The soil bioelectrochemical system (SBES) is a promising biotechnology for the remediation of contaminated soils. However, the effective distance of pollutant removal in the SBES was usually limited in a few centimeters near the electrode surface. In this study, we used biochar as the model conductor to construct a conductive network with microbes in the soil matrix to extend the effective distance of pollutant removal in the SBES. Pentachlorophenol (PCP) was used as the representative contaminant to probe long-distance electron transfer facilitated by the networks. The removal of PCP and microbial community analyses at different distances toward the electrode were monitored. The results showed that PCP transformation in the SBES without biochar amendment mainly occurred within 4 cm around the electrode. However, the effective distance of ∼ 16 cm toward the electrode could be achieved for efficient PCP degradation in the SBES amended with highly conductive biochar. Microbial community analysis confirmed the establishment of bacteria-biochar networks, where Desulfitobacterium and Geobacter were enriched and spatially distributed in the biochar-amended SBES. The results demonstrate that long-distance electron transfer can be achieved in the biochar-amended soil matrix, and shed light on the development of bioelectrochemical strategy for efficient organic pollutant degradation in soils. Up to now, the environmental damage by heavy metal is getting worse and worse as the development of industry. Meanwhile, hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) in wastewater get special attention as its acute toxicity and potential carcinogencity. To solve this problem, we introduce a simple and efficient way to prepare a photocatalyst, ZnIn2S4 grown on nitrogen-doped hollow carbon spheres (ZIS-NHC), which is an effective catalyst that can used to reduce aqueous Cr(VI). This photocatalyst prepared by a three-step strategy. Benefiting from the excellent electrical conductivity and high specific surface area of the NHC which is superior to other carbon material and the favorable band gap of ZnIn2S4 makes ZIS-NHC has superior light-driven photocatalytic efficiency. The ZIS-NHC exhibits an excellent rate of degradation of aqueous Cr(VI) at a concentration of 50 mg/L within 50 min. Moreover, the ZIS-NHC retained excellent stability after five rounds of cycling experiments which was also discussed. Dissolved organic matter (DOM), ubiquitously co-present in micropollutant-impaired water, significantly decreases micropollutant removal in UV-based AOPs through consuming radicals and filtering UV light. In this study, pre-ozonation was proposed to alleviate the negative effects of DOM on UV-based AOPs. After ozone treatment of DOM-containing water at ozone dosages of 0.1-1 mg O3/mg DOC, the degradation rate of benzoic acid (BA) in UV/H2O2 process increased by 7-34% mainly due to the enhanced transmission of UV light. The degradation rate of BA in UV/S2O82- process varied from -11% to 25% at ozone dosages of 0.1-1 mg O3/mg DOC because of the increased photolysis rate of S2O82- and the altered reactivity of DOM towards SO4-. Pre-ozonation of DOM at ozone dosage of 1 mg O3/mg DOC enhanced the oxidation rate of BA in UV/chlorine process by 35% due to the increased rate of chlorine photolysis and the decreased reactivity of DOM towards Cl. The influence of pre-ozonation on the formation potential of disinfection by-products (DBPs) depends on the kind of AOPs and the species of DBPs.