Dalsgaardfournier1778

The study would identify areas requiring immediate action for saving its resources and providing insight into upholding its competence. The findings would also lead to proper decision making for the concerned stakeholders, assuring sustainability in appropriate planning of land use and utilisation of resources and maintain the agroclimatic condition.In recent times, the persistent global environmental challenges have paved the way for the underpinning of climate change within the perspective of financial performance. Given this motivation, the current study further examines the interaction of foreign direct investment, fiscal development, renewable energy usage, economic growth, and CO2 outrush of South Africa (1970 to 2014). The unit root test of Zivot-Andrews and augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF), vector autoregressive (VAR), and Pesaran ARDL (autoregressive distributed lag bounds) approach were employed in the data analysis. The existence of a statistically significant correlation among the series was detected by the Johansen multivariate cointegration in long term and subsequently by the long run coefficient of the vector error correction model test result. Furthermore, in the long run, significant positive correlation existed among renewable energy, GDP (economic growth), development in finance (FD), and CO2 outrush. While in the short run, GDP and development in finance have a statistically positive correlation with outrush of CO2; renewable energy consumption exerts a negative relationship on CO2 in the short run. The Granger causality results show overall causality among the series; proof of bidirectional stimulus running from renewable energy to economic growth; foreign direct investment to trade; and also one causality direction running among the other variables. The policy twist is that the implementation of energy efficiency programs currently pursued by the South African government to enhance renewable energy consumption should be facilitated with more determination. In addition, the government and policymakers should thrive to align these energy efficiency programs with other macroeconomic and financial variables such as foreign direct investment (FDI), fiscal development, and trade openness to achieve minimum CO2 outrush level in South Africa, thus yielding environmental sustainability.Water quality is one of the most important indices for public health especially for drinking water consumptions. This study was conducted to survey the presence of heavy metals in drinking water resources of Iran using a systematic review and meta-analysis. The literature search was conducted in data bases of PubMed, Web of Science, EMBASE, Scopus, Google Scholar, and some Persian databases up to 31 July 2018. Of all the articles reviewed (1151 articles), 61 papers were eligible for systematic review. Results indicated variable heterogeneity between studies for different pollutants (I2 between 0 and 100). A subgroup analysis was performed for three different types of water resources such as drinking water, groundwater, and surface water to find the possible source of the heterogeneity. The pooled mean concentration level of iron was the highest at 255.8 (95% CI = 79.48-432.13 μg/l) and vanadium the lowest at 3.21 (95% CI = 1.45-4.98 μg/l). The sequence of metal concentration (μg/l) in descending order is as follows Fe (255.8) > B (159.81) > Al (158.5) > Zn (130.73) > As (85.85) > Mn (51.61) > Cu (47.98) > Se (42.68) > Pb (37.22) > Co (22.76) > Mo (18.92) > Ni (16.79) > Cr (13.47) > Hg (4.49) > Cd (4.19) > V (3.21). The mean pooled concentration level of Al, As, Se, Pb, and Cd was higher than the WHO guideline and Iran Standard, and the rest of the metals had lower mean pooled concentration level. Pb and Cd were the common heavy metals that existed in all subgroups. As a recommendation, the relationship assessment of water parameters and heavy metals could be addressed in future studies of Iran's water resources.The present study evaluates the development of visible injury related to phytotoxic ozone dose (PODy) in native tropical species Astronium graveolens Jacq. (Anacardiaceae) and validates the symptoms using structural markers attributed to oxidative burst and hypersensitive responses. Increasing POD0 was associated with increasing O3 visible injury using different metrics as the incidence (INC = number of injured plants/total number of plants × 100), severity (SF = number of injured leaves/total number of leaves on injured plant × 100), and severity leaflet (SFL = number of injured leaflets/total number leaflets injured plant × 100). The effective dose (ED), which represents the POD0 dose responsible for inducing 20 (ED20), 50 (ED50), or 80% (ED80) of visible injury, were used to demonstrate that for this species, the response is similar even when the plants are exposed to diverse climate environments. Further investigation of the INC and SF index may help in long-term forest monitoring sites dedicated to O3 assessment in forests, while the SFL index seems to be an excellent indicator to be used in the short term to investigate the effects of O3.Nonpoint source (NPS) pollution is mainly driven by hydrological processes; climate oscillation can affect regional water cycle processes. However, the relationship between climate oscillation and NPS pollution is still unclear, which increases the difficulty of water quality prediction and management. In this study, Mann-Kendall test and wavelet transform were adopted to investigate the teleconnection between ENSO (El Niño-Southern Oscillation) phenomenon and riverine NPS load dynamics in an agricultural watershed of Southeast China from 2003 to 2016. Results showed that annual precipitation, streamflow, and riverine nutrient load increased significantly during the study period. The change point for long-term riverine TN load and TP load appeared in 2009 and 2007, respectively. Rainfall, streamflow, nutrient loads, and Niño 3.4 sea temperature (SST) shared a common periodicity of 10-16 months. The southern oscillation index (SOI) and Niño 3.4 SST shared a common periodicity of 28-36 months. Moreover, Niño 3.4 SST showed a positive correlation with riverine nutrient loads at a periodicity of 10-16 months, while SOI showed a weakly negative correlation with riverine nutrient loads at a periodicity of 28-36 months. These findings indicate that the increasing frequency of warm ENSO events would enhance the risk of nutrient export to rivers in Southeast China and more attention should be paid to large-scale climate oscillation in the prediction of agricultural nutrient pollution and management of water quality in agricultural watersheds.Bisphenol A (BPA), one of the endocrine disrupting chemicals, is the object of great concern because of its widespread use throughout the world. In this study, it was aimed to determine the effects of in ovo administrated BPA on the bursa of Fabricius and percentage of acid phosphatase positive lymphocyte in peripheral blood by means of histological and enzyme histochemical methods. For this purpose, 310 fertile eggs of Isa Brown laying parent stock were used. The eggs were divided into 5 groups as control, vehicle control, 50, 100, and 250μg/egg BPA. At days 13, 18, and 21 of incubation, eggs were opened until 10 living embryos were obtained from each group. Tissue samples were taken from the obtained embryos and processed for enzyme histochemical methods in addition to routine histological techniques. It was observed that, in BPA-treated groups, embryonic development of bursa of Fabricius was retarded. It was also indicated that the percentage of peripheral blood ACP-ase positive lymphocytes was significantly decreased. These results suggested that a limited maternal transfer of BPA into the eggs might be lead to immunosuppression in chicks.There is a great concern worldwide about the global decline of amphibians, particularly by agrochemical pollution. The aim of this study was to assess oxidative stress and genotoxicity of a commercial formulation of the insecticide dimethoate in Rhinella arenarum larvae, using sublethal biomarkers. The 24- and 96-h LC50 values of dimethoate to R. arenarum were 48.81 and 38.86 mg L-1, while the 96-h no observed effect concentration (NOEC) value was 20 mg L-1. For sublethal biomarker assays, R. arenarum larvae were exposed to 1.25, 2.5, and 5% of the 96-h NOEC (0.25, 0.5, and 1 mg L-1 dimethoate, respectively). After 96 h of exposure, inhibition of catalase (CAT) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) activities were registered. Ibrutinib Also, an increased superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was observed in larvae exposed to the highest concentration (1 mg L-1). Lipid peroxidation by increased thiobarbituric acid reactive substance levels in larvae exposed to 0.5 and 1 mg L-1 was detected. No differences in micronuclei frequency between treatments and negative control were observed. These results demonstrate the oxidative toxicity of dimethoate at sublethal concentrations in Rhinella arenarum larvae. The disruption of defense mechanisms may contribute to a deleterious impact on amphibian populations from habitats exposed to this organophosphorus insecticide.The disparity of tolerance in plants in response to Cd stress is associated with multiple physiological processes. A pot experiment was conducted to investigate the physiological properties involved in Cd tolerance of a high-cadmium (Cd)-accumulating rice line (Lu527-8) in comparison with a normal rice line (Lu527-4) under different levels of Cd exposure. Lu527-8 showed higher biomass and Cd concentrations compared with Lu527-4. The tolerance index (TI), bioconcentration factor (BCF), and translocation factor (TF) of Lu527-8 could be up to 3.08, 1.48, and 4.50 times these of Lu527-4, respectively. The two rice lines owned a uniform strategy to reduce Cd toxicity in root and stem by Cd deposition in cell wall and compartmentalization in vacuoles instead of keeping Cd in organelles. For Lu527-8, the higher distribution proportions of Cd combined with cell wall in leaf was linked to its higher Cd tolerance in comparison with Lu527-4. Lu527-8 showed a lower decline in membrane stability, antioxidation, photosynthetic parameters, and pigments than Lu527-4 when exposed to Cd stress. Taken together, the results demonstrated that higher Cd tolerance in high-Cd-accumulating rice Lu527-8 is closely linked to its greater abilities of cell wall fixation in leaf, oxidation resistance, as well as osmotic regulation and photosynthesis.The biomass control potential of three metabolic uncouplers (carbonyl cyanide-p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone (FCCP), carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP), and m-chlorophenol (m-CP)) was tested in biotrickling filters (BTFs) degrading toluene. The experiments employed two types of reactors a traditional column design and a novel differential BTF (DBTF) reactor developed by De Vela and Gostomski (J Environ Eng 14704020159, 2021). Uncouplers caused the toluene elimination capacity (EC) (~33 g/m3h for column reactors and ~600 g/m3h for DBTF) to decrease by 15-97% in a dose-dependent fashion. The EC completely recovered in the column reactor in 3 to 13 days, while only partial recovery happened in the DBTF. Short-term (1 to 3 days) true uncoupling was indicated by the 20-160% increase in %CO2 recovery, depending on concentration. FCCP and CCCP increased the pressure drop due to increased extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) production for protection against the uncouplers. The 4.0-mM m-CP weakened the biofilm in the BTF bed, as evidenced by the 130-500% increase in the total organic carbon in the liquid sump of the column and DBTF reactors.