Futtrupcleveland0247
Future behavioral interventions focusing on fostering a positive outlook in youth should consider possible effect heterogeneity based on social background.
Maintaining social distance during the COVID-19 pandemic can save lives. We therefore set out to test communication strategies to promote social distancing.
We aimed to test two novel public health messages against a control message. The first was designed to exploit the "identifiable victim" effect by highlighting the risk of transmission to identifiable vulnerable persons. The second sought to counteract intuitive underestimation of exponential transmission.
In total, 500 Irish adults undertook a pre-registered, online experiment. They were randomly assigned to a control group or one of two treatment groups. The control group viewed a current poster that encouraged a 2-m separation between people. The two treatment groups saw posters of similar design, but with narrative messages describing how an individual had infected a specific vulnerable person or multiple other people. Later questions measured intentions to undertake three specific types of social interaction over the coming days and the stated of such emotional messages.After decades of ignoring head injury in youth sports, U.S. states passed youth concussion legislation with stipulations about when athletes can return to play. Why were some states slower to pass laws than others? We consider this question through the lens of institutional medicalization, where medically informed policies are enacted. Our study recognizes the uneven nature of policy enactment across time and space with event history methods. We explore the influence of high school sport participation and other variables on the timing of legislation in all fifty states, 2007-2014. States with more high school football participation, as well as states with a strong college football presence, passed concussion laws later. Conversely, states with stronger orientations toward gender egalitarianism adopted laws sooner. These factors reflect sources of receptivity and resistance that underlie the process of institutional medicalization. Our approach offers one of the few quantitative studies of institutional medicalization and provides a template for future quantitative research in this area.The purpose of this study is to compare mean levels of loneliness, and correlates of loneliness, among older adults in the U.S. and England. Comparisons are conducted after attending to comparability of the loneliness measure between countries based on tests for discriminatory capacity and differential item functioning of the 3-item UCLA Loneliness Scale. Cross-sectional data from the 2015-16 wave of the National Social Life, Health and Aging Project (NSHAP) and the 2014-2015 wave of the English Longitudinal Study on Ageing (ELSA) were analyzed using graded item response models and multiple indicators and multiple causes (MIMIC) models. Risk factors included demographic variables, health characteristics, and social characteristics that were harmonized across surveys. Because of differences in the racial-ethnic composition of the U.S. and England, analyses were limited to white respondents (N = 2624 in NSHAP; N = 6639 in ELSA). Only respondents born 1925-1965 were included in analyses. Discriminatory capacity was evident in each item being able to distinguish a lonely from a nonlonely individual. Differential item functioning (DIF) was evident in country differences in the likelihood of endorsing the "lack companionship" item at a given level of trait loneliness, and in DIF among marital status, education, and gender subgroups that were comparable across countries. Overall loneliness levels are equivalent in England and the U.S. Risk factor impact did not differ between countries, but differences in risk factor prevalence between countries combined to produce a net result of slightly lower mean levels of loneliness in older adults in England than in the U.S. after risk factor adjustment. The fact that the impact of risk factors were similar across countries suggests that evidence of successful interventions in one country could be leveraged to accelerate development of effective interventions in the other.Food insecurity, which affects 37 million individuals in the United States (U.S.) and disproportionately burdens women, minorities and older adults, is a well-established determinant of poor health. Previous studies suggest social capital, defined as the material and social benefits arising from relationships among individuals within and between groups, may be protective against food insecurity. Drawing on this evidence, calls have been made for interventions and policies to promote social capital to address food insecurity. However, limited research has explored in-depth how social capital shapes the lived experience of food insecurity in the U.S. We explored how older women from three settings in the U.S. used forms of social capital to navigate their food environments. Between November 2017-July 2018, we conducted 38 semi-structured interviews with food-insecure women aged 50 years or older enrolled in the Northern California, Georgia, and North Carolina sites of the Women's Interagency HIV study, an ongoing cohort study of women living with and at risk of HIV. Interviews were analyzed using an inductive-deductive approach. Women from the three sites explained how they drew upon different forms of capital to access food. Women in Georgia and North Carolina depended on support from members within their social group (bonding social capital) to address food insecurity but described limited opportunities to build relationships with members from other social groups (bridging social capital) or representatives of institutions (linking social capital). In contrast, women from Northern California frequently used bridging and linking social capital to access food but described limited bonding social capital. Findings show how the role of social capital in protecting against food insecurity is diverse, complex, and structurally determined. Intervention implications are discussed.
Measles is a highly contagious disease that is responsible for about 110,000 annual deaths worldwide, even though a safe, effective, and inexpensive vaccine is available. Given that full vaccination coverage is below the desired threshold in many countries, increasing the vaccination coverage is an important public health goal, aiming to contribute to a reduction of measles deaths.
This study investigates the dynamics between media and public attention on measles and vaccination coverage during the 2015 measles outbreak in Berlin, Germany. It was hypothesized that the epicentral distance would influence the observed effects of the outbreak on public attention due to a higher perceived threat susceptibility in more proximal states.
Using observational macro-level data from German federal states, the study taps into news-stimulated public-attention dynamics around the outbreak. We assessed public attention, media attention, and vaccination coverage among 24-month-old children.
Findings indicate that pubnse to news-stimulated increases in public attention, can be deemed a beneficial public health outcome. The findings, including the Rubicon effect, are discussed in light of optimal resource allocation for vaccination programs.
Soluble dietary fiber is prompted as an important part of reducing blood glucose, ameliorating insulin resistance and controlling body weight. Thus, we performed this systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to quantify and synthesize the effects of soluble fiber supplementation on glycemic control and BMI modification in adults with type 2 diabetes.
We searched MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science, ClinicalTrials.gov, and Cochrane databases until February 13, 2020 to identify RCTs that detected the effects of soluble fiber supplementation on glycemic control in adults with type 2 diabetes. A random-effects model with the generic inverse variance method was used to analyze the pooled data. The meta-regression and subgroup analyses were conducted to identify the variables that influenced the pooled results. The robust error meta-regression model was used to conduct the dose-response test. The Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) system was l in type 2 diabetes and is also a convenient way to help individuals meet standard dietary fiber needs. But due to the evidence of substantial heterogeneity in most pooled estimates, further long-term and high-quality RCTs are needed.
Intake of soluble fiber supplementation is effective in improving glycemic control and BMI level in type 2 diabetes and is also a convenient way to help individuals meet standard dietary fiber needs. But due to the evidence of substantial heterogeneity in most pooled estimates, further long-term and high-quality RCTs are needed.
Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) durably affects quality of life in patients. Patient education aims at improving their self-care and psychosocial skills, allowing them be more autonomous, to prevent avoidable complications, and to maintain or improve quality of life. The aim of this study was to assess patients' and caregivers' expectations regarding patient education in ITP.
ITP Patients and caregivers were asked about topics that should be addressed in a patient education program through a digital anonymous survey. Their responses were analyzed both qualitatively and quantitatively. A double-blind keyword attribution of the answers was carried out by two physicians and then faced until consensus was found.
Thirty-eight ITP patients were included 68% were less than 50years old and 84% had chronic ITP. On the other hand, twenty-five caregivers were included. Caregivers raised more topics related to the cognitive domain than patients. The psychoaffective and motivational topics tended to be more represented in patients' responses. Only 53% of topics were mentioned by both patients and caregivers.
These discrepancies emphasize the differences between patients and caregivers' expectations regarding a patient education program in ITP, and thus the relevance of patient-caregiver co-construction of such programs.
These discrepancies emphasize the differences between patients and caregivers' expectations regarding a patient education program in ITP, and thus the relevance of patient-caregiver co-construction of such programs.
The drug-injecting population has a high prevalence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) and high risk of transmission. It is a priority to establish an agile diagnostic and treatment plan.
1) Assess the effectiveness of a new coordinated care plan of referral from the Comprehensive Care Centre for Drug Addicts (CAID) to specialised care and 2) Determine the prevalence of HCV, clinical characteristics, effectiveness and safety of treatment in this population.
1,300 serologies requested by the CAID between 1998 and 2018 were retrospectively analysed, the seroprevalence of HCV was calculated and the efficiency of the traditional CAID-specialised care referral system was evaluated. A care plan was designed and coordinated among specialists involved in diagnosis and treatment. Since October 2018, 11 patients have been included in the new plan and the performance of both referral systems was compared.
With the traditional system, 48.2% (83/172) of the patients were lost. 14.5% (172/1,300) presented positive HCV serology, compared to the general population OR = 19; 95% CI 14.
