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On 10 January, Caesar with his veteran army crossed the river Rubicon, the authorized boundary of Roman Italy past which no commander might convey his army, in violation of Roman legal guidelines, and by the spring of forty nine swept down the Italian peninsula in the direction of Rome. Gaius Marius, a novus homo from an Italian household, was a legate beneath the consul directing the conflict, and was elected consul in 107 BC over the objections of the aristocratic senators, counting on assist from the businessmen and poor. After initial preventing that revealed critical Seleucid weaknesses, the Seleucids tried to turn the Roman power towards them on the Battle of Thermopylae (as they believed the 300 Spartans had performed centuries earlier). The past century had seen the Greek world dominated by the three primary successor kingdoms of Alexander the good's empire: Ptolemaic Egypt, Macedonia and the Seleucid Empire. He sent ambassadors to Hannibal's camp in Italy, to negotiate an alliance as common enemies of Rome. This fast growth frightened Rome, which concluded a treaty with Hasdrubal in 226, stating that Carthage couldn't cross the Ebro river.
His rapid advance forced Pompey, the consuls and the senate to abandon Rome for Greece. Whereas in the town of Rome, the consuls have been the top of the Roman authorities. The phalanx was effective in large, open spaces, but not on the hilly terrain of the central Italian peninsula. Their central dietary role is reflected by their use as sacrificial victims in domestic cults, funerals, and cults to agricultural deities.
The senate's energy expanded over time as the legislative assemblies' energy declined, and the senate took a greater role in strange law-making. Its position in accompanying the army was primarily to provide any vacancies that may happen within the maniples. Maniples were units of a hundred and twenty men every drawn from a single infantry class. best ira gold options wore an all-purple, gold-embroidered toga picta, associated with the picture of Jupiter and Rome's former kings - but only for a single day; Republican mores concurrently fostered aggressive display and attempted its containment, to preserve at the least a notional equality between peers, and scale back the potential threats of class envy. A few of Republican Rome's leading deities have been acquired by way of navy actions. In 392, Camillus established a temple there to Juno Regina, Etruscan Veii's protecting goddess.
